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Parametric programming

A more recent advancement in CNC interpreters is support of logical commands, known as parametric programming. Parametric programs incorporate both G-code and these logical constructs to create a programming language and syntax similar to BASIC. Various manufacturers refer to parametric programming in brand-specific ways. For instance, Haas refers to parametric programs as macros. GE Fanuc refers to it as Custom Macro A & B, while Okuma refers to it as User Task 2. The programmer can make if/then/else statements, loops, subprogram calls, perform various arithmetic, and manipulate variables to create a large degree of freedom within one program. An entire product line of different sizes can be programmed using logic and simple math to create and scale an entire range of parts, or create a stock part that can be scaled to any size a customer demands.

CNC wood router

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A wood CNC Router is similar to a metal CNC mill with the following differences:

* The wood router typically spins faster — up to 24,000 RPM
* It typically uses smaller tools — typical shank size 20 mm or at most 25 mm.
* It typically uses smaller toolholders MK2 (Morse taper #2 - on older machines),ISO-30, HSK-63 or the tools just get held in a collet tool holder affixed directly to the spindle nose. ISO-30 and HSK-63 are rapid-change toolholding systems. HSK-63 has begun to supplant the ISO-30 as the rapid change standard in recent years

diamond blade

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A diamond blade is a circular saw blade used for cutting hard or abrasive materials. They are commonly used in the construction industry for building, remodeling and repairs.

diamond blades can be used for cutting concrete, brick, block, stone and other materials with similar properties. A diamond blade is composed of a steel core (unlike diamond wire) and powder metal which is combined with diamond crystals and then heated and pressed into a molding which form the diamond segments, also known as the "cutting teeth" of the blade. The diamond segments are then welded to the steel core.

The steel core can vary in design. Some of them have spaces (known as gullets) between each segment to provide cooling and slurry removal, while others have a single continuous rim for smoother chip-free cutting. The type of core that has to be used depends of the type of materials that will be cut.

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Machining And CNC Technology Student Programming

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Book Description
Machining and CNC Technology is the first text written to fully integrate basic machine tool and CNC concepts throughout. Beginning in the first chapter, the differences between manually-operated and CNC equipment are shown and compared. The text is written for introductory courses, and does not assume previous machining background on the part of readers. Part I discusses the basics of today's integrated manufacturing world. In Part II students learn to safely set up and run manually operated equipment, always with the goal of transferring their skills to CNC systems. This part covers setups, safe operation, faultless program tryout and program writing, both with command codes and using CAM. CAD/CAM exercises are provided on CD-ROM, using the Mastercam® software program (student version). Finally, Part IV focuses on the future, highlighting technologies that have changed, and will continue to change, our manufacturing world.

Programming of CNC Machines

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Book Description
Written in simple, easy-to-understand language by skilled programmers with years of experience teaching CNC machining to the industry and in formal education settings, this new edition provides full descriptions of many operation and programming functions and illustrates their practical applications through examples. It provides in-depth information on how to program turning and milling machines, which is applicable to almost all control systems. It keeps all theoretical explanations to a minimum throughout so that they do not distort an understanding of the programming. And because of the wide range of information available about the selection of tools, cutting speeds, and the technology of machining, it is sure to benefit engineers, programmers, supervisors, and machine operators who need ready access to information that will solve CNC operation and programming problems. This third edition of an already proven effective text offers detailed coverage of subjects not addressed by the majority of existing texts.

Distinctive Features
- Contains expanded sections on CAD/CAM and Conversational Programming that offer insight into the modern methods of CNC programming.
- Includes a modern CNC controller representation in the Operation Section.
- Thoroughly describes mathematical formula usage necessary for creating programs manually.
- Provides practical examples and study questions throughout, allowing users to demonstrate their proficiency.
- Features improved blueprints and drawings created to ANSI standards in order to improve clarity.
- Offers a glossary of terminology and useful technical data and charts needed for effective programming.
- Illustrates how to create each programming example through clear step-by-step presentations.
- The only textbook that covers edgeCAM CAD/CAM Programming. Project Lead the Way (PLTW) has adopted edgeCAM as the CAD/CAM program they use in their Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) courses taught at high schools across the nation.
- Includes the latest version of Mastercam--Mastercam X

About the Author
Currently, Ken Evans is the lead Machine Tool Technology instructor at the Davis Applied Technology College in Kaysville, Utah. He has been employed there as full-time faculty for more than fifteen years. He teaches foundational through advanced machining curriculum including Mastercam CAD/CAM classes for regular students, other educators and private industry. He is certified to teach the Project Lead the Way course, Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Ken was the Training and Applications Specialist for a local machine tool distributor in Salt Lake City for 6 years where he taught Mazatrol Conversational programming classes for their customers. He was one of the nations first Mazatrol Programming instructors to work with a distributor and is certified by MAZAK. In addition, Ken trains other educators, from around the region how to set-up, program and operate their CNC Machines.

Working Wood A Complete Bench-Top Reference

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Book Description
This handy bench reference tells what kinds of jig make a table saw more efficient or accurate, what’s the best drill-bit speed to use to drill a one-inch hole in hardwood, what clamps and fixtures to use if you’re lamin-ating curved pieces, and many more tricks. At last, a comprehensive, accessible, and easy-to-understand guide you can pull off the shelf whenever you’re stumped.

Working Wood A Complete Bench-Top Reference Diamond plate Tools, CNC tool and cutter grinder, Tool and Cutter grinder ,Lapping Jig grinder Grinding wheel Types of grinders Grinding machine Drilling in Metal Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter

About the Author
Starting in 1970 as a boat-building apprentice in Maine, Jim Tolpin's career moved through timberframing, finshing, and cabinetry. A regular contributor to CabinetMaker and Woodshop News, Tolpin also writes for Fine Woodworking and American Woodworker. His book, Building Traditional Kitchen Cabinets, won the 1995 Stanley Award for Best How-To Book.

Other Books by This Author:
Building Traditional Kitchen Cabinets

Single Row Angle Grinder Large Knot Wire Nut Outside Cup Brush Brush

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Technical Details

* Knot wire for low to medium flexibility and aggressive cutting
* Primary application: For fast cleaning of large surfaces

Diamond plate Tools

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A diamond plate is a steel plate sometimes with a plastic or resin base. The plate is coated with diamond grit, an abrasive that will grind material from the blade. The plate may have a series of holes cut in it which are designed to capture the swarf that is cast off as grinding takes place.

Diamond plates are available in various plate sizes (from credit card to bench plate size) and grades of grit. A coarser grit is used to remove larger amounts of metal more rapidly, such as when forming an edge or restoring an edge which is damaged. A finer grit is used to remove the scratches of larger grits and to refine an edge. Two-sided plates exist where each side is covered by a different grit.

Unlike stones which can become rounded—decreasing their effectiveness—diamond plates remain flat. They do not require the use of a lubricant.

Diamond plates, being made from diamond—even though of industrial grade—tend to be more expensive than stones.

CNC tool and cutter grinder

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Today's tool and grinder is typically a CNC machine tool, usually 4, 5, or 6 axes, which produces endmills, drills, etc. which are widely used in the metal cutting industry.

Tool and cutter grinders can be adapted to manufacturing precision machine components. The machine, when used for these purposes more likely would be called a CNC Grinding System.

CNC Grinding Systems are widely used to produce parts for aerospace, medical, automotive, and other industries. Extremely hard and exotic materials are generally no problem for today's grinding systems and the multi-axis machines are capable of generating quite complex geometries.

Radius Grinder

A radius grinder (or radius tool grinder) is a special grinder used for grinding the most complex tool forms, and is the historical predecessor to the CNC tool and cutter grinder. Like the CNC grinder, it may be used for other tasks where grinding spherical surfaces is necessary. The tool itself consists of three parts: The grinder head, work table, and holding fixture. The grinder head has three degrees of freedom. Vertical movement, movement into the workpeice, and tilt. These are generally set statically, and left fixed throughout operations. The work table is a T-slotted X-axis table mounted on top of a radial fixture. Mounting the X axis on top of the radius table, as opposed to the other way around, allows for complex and accurate radius grinds. The holding fixtures can be anything one can mount on a slotted table, but most commonly used is a collet or chuck fixture that indexes and has a separate Y movement to allow accurate depth setting and endmill sharpening. The dressers used on these grinders are usually quite expensive, and can dress the grinding wheel itself with a particular radius.

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The D-bit grinder is a tool bit grinder that specializes in the grinding of D-bit cutters for pantograph milling machines. Pantographs are a variety of milling machine used to create cavities for the dies used in the molding process, they are being rapidly replaced by CNC machining centers.

Tool and Cutter grinder

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A tool and cutter grinder is used to sharpen milling cutters and tool bits along with a host of other cutting tools.

It is an extremely versatile machine used to perform a variety of grinding operations, surface, cylindrical, or for the grinding of complex shapes. The image shows a manually operated setup, however highly automated Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines are becoming increasingly common due to the complexities involved in the process.

The operation of this machine (in particular the manually operated variety) requires a high level of skill. The illustrated set-up is only one of many combinations available, the huge variety in shapes and types of machining cutters requires flexibility in usage. A variety of dedicated fixtures are included that allow cylindrical grinding operations or complex angles to be ground. The vise shown can swivel in three planes.

The table moves longitudinally and laterally, the head can swivel as well as being adjustable in the horizontal plane, as visible in the first image. This flexibility in the head allows the critical clearance angles required by the various cutters to be achieved.

grinder Lapping

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Lapping is a machining operation, in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or by way of a machine.

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This can take two forms. The first type of lapping (traditionally called grinding), typically involves rubbing a brittle material such as glass against a surface such as iron or glass itself (also known as the "lap" or grinding tool) with an abrasive such as aluminum oxide, emery, silicon carbide, diamond, etc., in between them. This produces microscopic conchoidal fractures as the abrasive rolls about between the two surfaces and removes material from both.

The other form of lapping involves a softer material for the lap, which is "charged" with the abrasive. The lap is then used to cut a harder material—the workpiece. The abrasive embeds within the softer material which holds it and permits it to score across and cut the harder material. Taken to the finer limit, this will produce a polished surface such as a polishing cloth on an automobile, or a polishing cloth or polishing pitch upon glass or steel.

Taken to the ultimate limit, with the aid of accurate interferometry and specialized polishing machines, lensmakers can produce surfaces that are flat to better than 30 nanometers. This is one twentieth of the wavelength of light from a commonly-used source, 632.8 nm. Surfaces this flat can be molecularly bonded (optically contacted) by bringing them together under the right conditions. (This is not the same as the wringing effect of Johansson blocks, although it is similar).

Tools Jig grinder

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Jig grinder Grinding wheel Types of grinders Grinding machine Drilling in Metal Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws

A jig grinder is a machine tool used for grinding complex shapes and holes where the highest degrees of accuracy and finish are required.

The jig grinder is very similar to a jig borer, in that the table positioning and spindles are very accurate (far more so than a manual milling machine or lathe). It is almost exclusively used by tool and die makers in the creation of jigs or mating holes and pegs on dies. There are usually many peripheral elements to a large jig grinder, including separate hydraulic motors, air compressors, and various cooling systems for both the hydraulic circuit and supplying coolant to the work and machine itself.

The machine operates by a high speed air spindle rotating a grinding bit. The air spindles are removable and interchangeable to achieve varying surface speeds. Some spindles are fixed speed (60000 rpm), others are adjustable (30000-50000 rpm), and still others are very high speed (175000 rpm). The machines have a standard X-Y table with the notable exception of knee travel. All axes are indexed to .0001" via a vernier scale on the handwheels, with higher accuracy available with the use of measuring bars. The machine head has two vertical travels, one rough head adjustment and the other a precise spindle adjustment. The spindle to which the detachable air spindle mounts also rotates at a variable speed and can typically outfeed .100" while running, again with an accuracy of .0001" on the handwheel or greater, for very precise hole, peg and surface grinding. A well-kept jig grinder will reliably position work to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with handwheels alone. These features are all critical in positioning a hole and peg system a precise distance from a reference surface or edge.

The most important factor on a jig grinder is the dual-spindle configuration. The main spindle is roughly positioned with between 1" or 2" of travel for setup, and then the .100" of outfeed is used during machine operation to outfeed into the work. A spacer bar may be used between the grinder and main spindle, allowing large (9" radius or larger) work to be completed. The main spindle has a wide range of speeds to ensure proper grinder feed rates are maintained.

Grinding wheel

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A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that carries an abrasive compound on its periphery. These wheels are used in grinding machines.

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The wheel is generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and bonded together to form a solid, circular shape, various profiles and cross sections are available depending on the intended usage for the wheel. They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface.

Materials used are generally silicon carbide and diamond with a vitrified bonding agent. In production grinding, a wide array of materials are used. Wheels with different abrasives, structure, bond, grade, and grain sizes are available. The abrasive is the actual cutting material, such as cubic boron nitride, zirconia aluminum oxide, manufactured diamonds, ceramic aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide, and others. The abrasive is selected based on the hardness of the material being cut. The structure of the wheel refers to the density of the wheel (bond and abrasive versus airspace). A less-dense wheel will cut freely, and has a large effect on surface finish. A less dense wheel is able to take a deeper or wider cut with less coolant, as the chip clearance on the wheel is greater. The grade of the wheel determines how tightly the bond holds the abrasive. Grade affects almost all considerations of grinding, such as wheel speed, coolant flow, maximum and minimum feed rates, and grinding depth. Grain size determines the physical abrasive size in the wheel. A larger grain will cut freely, allowing fast cutting but poor surface finish. Ultra-fine grain sizes are for precision finish work, where a fine surface finish is required. The wheel bonding agent determines how the wheel holds the abrasives. This affects finish, coolant, and minimum/maximum wheel speed.

The manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on rotation.

Grinding wheels are self sharpening to a small degree, for optimal use they may be dressed and trued by the use of grinding dressers. Dressing the wheel refers to removing the current layer of abrasive, so that a fresh and sharp surface is exposed to the work surface. Truing the wheel makes the grinding surface parallel to the grinding table or other reference plane, so the entire grinding wheel is even and produces an accurate surface.

The wheel type (eg:- cup or plain wheel below) fit freely on their supporting arbors, the necessary clamping force to transfer the rotary motion being applied to the wheels side by identically sized flanges (metal discs). The paper blotter shown in the images is intended to distribute this clamping force evenly across the wheels surface.

Types of grinders

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These machines include the

* Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing, deburring, and stock removal
* Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench. It is used for shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated.
* Cylindrical grinder which includes the centerless grinder. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated and fed past the wheel/s to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods.
* Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is lowered, and the workpiece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.
* Tool and Cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist toolroom grinding operations.

* Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. It's primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

Grinding machine

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A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts, using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or of inorganic materials. For machines used to reduce particle size in materials processing see grinding.
Construction

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The grinding machine consists of a power driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed (which is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating, usually by a formula) and a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work-piece. The grinding head can be controlled to travel across a fixed work piece or the workpiece can be moved whilst the grind head stays in a fixed position. Very fine control of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of NC or CNC controls.

Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat; they therefore incorporate a coolant to cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns in some cases. In very high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders) the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 2/10000mm (less than 1/100000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.

Drilling in Metal

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Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. The continued production of chips from the cutting edges produces more chips which continue the movement of the chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly or totally from the hole while drilling). Lubricants and coolants (i.e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tools life by cooling and lubricating the tip and chip flow. Coolant is introduced via holes through the drill shank (see gun drill bits).

Straight fluting is used for copper or brass, as this exhibits less tendency to "dig in" or grab the material. If a helical drill (twist drill) is used then the same effect can be achieved by stoning a small flat parallel with the axis of the drill bit.

For heavy feeds and comparatively deep holes oil-hole drills can be used, with a lubricant pumped to the drill head through a small hole in the bit and flowing out along the fluting. A conventional drill press arrangement can be used in oil well drilling, but is more commonly seen in automatic drilling machinery in which it is the workpiece that rotates rather than the drill bit.

Metalworking terminology

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Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using a abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.

the simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.

grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. from the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000rpm CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.

grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for postioning CNC machine axis. the common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10X more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.

in the past grinders were used for finishing operations only due to limitations of tooling. modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other made-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production enviroments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.

modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.

Morse taper shank

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The morse taper twist drill bits pictured right are used in metalworking. The full range of tapers is from 0 to 7.

The morse taper allows the bit to be mounted directly into the spindle of a drill, lathe tailstock or (with the use of adapters) into the spindle of milling machines. It is a self locking (or self holding) taper of approximately 5/8" per foot [1] that allows the torque to be transferred to the drill bit by the friction between the taper shank and the socket. The tang at the end of the taper is only for ejecting the drill bit from the spindle, with the aid of a drift.

The arbor of a drill chuck is often a morse taper and this allows the chuck assembly to be removed and directly replaced with the shank of a morse taper drill bit. A range of sleeves may be used to bring the size of the smaller morse tapers up to the size of the drive spindle's larger taper. Sockets are also available to extend the effective length of the drill as well as offering a variety of taper combinations.

The detail image shows a morse taper shank on a 16 mm diameter drill bit.

* Simple to manufacture on a lathe
* Cannot be held in a chuck or collet
* High torque transmission provided the bit is driven hard into the workpiece
* Very accurate centring

The SDS Shank Tools

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The SDS shank has the advantage of a simple spring-loaded chuck, so that bits can be chucked with a simple and quick hand action. Further, the shank and chuck are uniquely suited to hammer drilling in stone and concrete. The drill bit is not held solidly in the chuck, but can slide back and forth like a piston. The hammer of the drill acts to accelerate only the drill bit itself, and not the large mass of the chuck, which makes hammer drilling with an SDS shank drill bit much more productive than with other types of shank. So, SDS shanks are most often seen on masonry drills, for which hammer drilling action is most helpful.

Rotational drive uses the sliding keyways that open to the end of the shank, which mate with keys in the chuck. The smaller indentations that do not open to the end are grasped by the chuck to prevent the drill bit falling out. The hammer of the drill hits the flat end of the shank. To allow the bit shank to slide in the chuck, the shank must be lubricated with grease.

SDS is available in three sizes, SDS, SDSplus or SDS-plus or SDS+, and SDS-max. SDS-plus is the most common by count of tools manufactured, with masonry drills from 5 mm diameter to 30 mm diameter ordinarily available. The shortest SDS-plus masonry drill bits are about 110 mm overall length, and the longest 1000 mm. This long drill bit is entirely practical for use in a portable power drill, provided a 400 mm long bit is first used to start the bore off. It's very useful for installing wiring and plumbing in existing brick and stone buildings.

The SDS bit was developed by Bosch in 1975 and the name comes from the German "Steck – Dreh – Sitz" (Insert – Twist – Stay). German-speaking countries may use "Spannen durch System" (Clamping System), though Bosch uses "Special Direct System" for international purposes.[1][2]

* Relatively complex to manufacture
* Superb hammer drilling performance
* Drills with a "rotation-stop" mode can use chiselling bits
* One-handed quick chucking operation
* Can only be held in an SDS chuck
* Not very accurate centring
* High torque transmission

Hex shank

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The flats of a hex shank can either be machined on a round shank, as in the photograph, or can be the natural flats of hex bar stock. A hex shank can be grasped by a 3-jaw drill chuck, or can be held in a custom chuck specifically for hex shanks. 1/4 inch hex shanks are common for machine screwdriver bits, and have spread from that application to be used for drill bits that are compatible with screwdriver machinery.

* Zero manufacturing if the drill bit is made from hex bar stock
* Can be held in a drill chuck
* Can be held in a screwdriver bit chuck
* High torque transmission
* moderately accurate centring
* Cannot be held in a collet

Straight shank

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The straight shank is the most usual style on modern drill bits, by number manufactured. It is most often made the same diameter as the drill bit, for economy. It's then held in a 3-jaw drill chuck. Very small bits can have straight shanks larger than the drill diameter, often for holding in a standard size collet. Large drill bits can have straight shanks smaller than their drill diameter, so that medium-size chucks can be used to drill large holes. Such a drill bit is called reduced shank or a blacksmith's drill.

* Easy to make on a lathe
* Zero manufacturing if the drill bit is made from round bar stock
* Can be held in a collet chuck
* Can be held in a drill chuck, the commonest sort
* very accurate centering
* low torque transmission

Drill bit shank

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The shank is the part of a drill bit grasped by the chuck of a drill. The cutting edges of the drill bit are at one end, and the shank is at the other. Different styles of shank/chuck combination deliver different performance, such as allowing higher torque or greater centering accuracy.
Brace shank
Brace drill bit shank
Brace drill bit shank

This shank was common before 1850, and is still produced in 2005. At first, the tapered shank was just rammed into a square hole in the end of the drill. Over time, various chuck designs have been invented, and modern chucks can grasp and drive this shank effectively.

* Easy to make in a smithy
* Very wide tolerances allowable
* Moderate torque transmission but without the slippage common to round shanks
* Hard to grasp with any precision without the proper chuck

Woods Working Diehead

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A die head is a threading die that is used in the high volume production of threaded components.
Die heads are commonly used on lathes, turret lathes, screw machines and CNC lathes. They may be used for either cutting a thread or rolling a thread. They may also be used for internal or external thread cutting.

In operation, there are usaully four moveable chasers that cut the thread then back away from the work to permit rapid removal of the tool. The lower picture at the right shows four sets of chasers. Each set of chasers is designed to cut a different thread. One set of chasers would be used at a time, each chaser is inserted into the die head (in the correct order) and the die head is closed bringing the chasers down to their cutting position. When sufficient length of thread has been cut the die head will open allowing for rapid retraction of the head without interference with the newly formed thread.

With most die heads, all that is needed to open the chasers is a reverse load. Simply withdrawing the die head is all that is needed to open it.

The die head shown cuts an outside thread. There are also collapsible die heads that are used to cut an internal thread.
Die Head for Thread Rolling
Die Head for Thread Rolling

The bottom picture shows a Die Head used for Thread Rolling. A Rolled Thread may have greater strength than a cut thread, though it usually requires more energy to roll a thread than cut one.

Drilling and threading

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Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a drill to produce holes. Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. The continued production of chips from the cutting edges pushes the older chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly [breaking the chip] or totally from the hole [clearing the bit] while drilling). Lubricants (or coolants) (i.e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tool's life by cooling, lubricating the tip and improving chip flow.

Taps and dies are tools commonly used for the cutting of screw threads in metal parts. A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a predrilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod

Metalworking Shape modifying by material

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Milling
Main article: Milling machine
Milling is the complex shaping of metal (or possibly other materials) parts, by removing unneeded material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form is comprised of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually three dimensions [x,y,z axis] relative to the workpiece, whereas a drill can only move in one dimension [z axis] while cutting). The motion across the surface of the workpiece is usually accomplished by moving the table on which the workpiece is mounted, in the x and y directions. Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. Two common types of millers are the horizontal miller and vertical miller.

Turning
Main article: Lathe (metal)

Conventional metalworking latheA lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation, called Solids of Revolution. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts or camshafts.

The material may be held in place by a chuck or worked between one or two centers of which at least one can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting called the "toolpost", this arrangement is then moved around the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors. The main difference between the Milling Machine and the Lathe is that in the Milling Machine the tool is moving but in the Lathe, the work is moving. Modern CNC lathes can do secondary operations like milling in X,Y,Z direction by using driven tools also called live tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. Driven tools increase machining performance as all operations can be made in one set up in the CNC lathe.

Metalworking Woodworking machines

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Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. The term covers a wide range of work-from large ships, bridges and oil refineries to delicate jewellery and instruments. Consequently, this craft covers a wide range of skills and entails the use of many types of tools.

Metalworking is a trade, art, hobby and industry that relates to metallurgy - a science, jewelery making - an art and craft, as a trade and an industry with ancient roots spanning all cultures and civilizations. Metalworking had its beginnings millennia in the past. Early humans, we speculate, realized different stones had different properties. These were freed metal ores on the earth's surfaces. We can further speculate that some indigenous groups attributed magical and spiritual significance to them. At some imprecise point humankind discovered that these lustrous rocks were meltable, and ductile and able to be formed into various articles for tools, adornment and practical uses. Humans over the millennia learned to work raw metals into objects of art, adornment, trade and practicality.

By the historical periods of the Pharohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, and the Tribes of Israel, and Mayan Civilization in North America among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them, and in some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced and agreed upon by respective peoples. By the above periods skills at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of precious metals (non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous metals and/or alloys were finely honed and flawlessly executed skills and techniques practised by artisans, blacksmiths, atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. For example, the ancient technique of granulation is found spontaneously around the world in numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people travelled seas or overland to far regions of the earth to share this process still being used, and attempted by metalsmiths today.

As time progressed metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgable. Metalsmiths became important members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. Today modern mining practices are more efficient, and conversely more damaging to the earth, and the workers that are engaged in the industry. Those that finance the operations are driven by profits per ounce of extracted precious metals and today's gold market which as of the date of this editing, are at a 25 year high. The metalworker though depends on the extraction of precious metals to make jewelery, build more efficient electronics, and for industrial and technological applications from construction to shipping containers to rail, and air transport. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today. More individuals then ever before are learning metalworking as a creative outlet in the forms of jewelery making, hobby restoration of aircraft and cars, blacksmithing, tinsmithing, tinkering, and in other art and craft pursuits. Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms, and there is a proliferation of schools of Lapidary and Jewelers arts and sciences at this- the beginning of the 21st. Century a.c.e./a.d.

Tipped tool

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A tipped tool or insert generally refers to any cutting tool where the cutting edge consists of a separate piece of material, either brazed or clamped on to a separate body.

They are used principally in the metalworking and woodworking industries; however they may be found in various forms in many cutting tools. Some examples are fly cutters, milling cutters , turning tools and saw blades.

These tools provide the advantage of pre-ground cutting edges and geometry on inserts that may be readily replaced in a less expensive holder (or body). The material of both the body and tip can then be optimised for their individual requirements and this along with improved production techniques has led to their greater adoption within their respective industries.

Carbide tipped turning tool and wrench

Carbide tipped face mill

Corel Painter X Win/Mac

Corel Painter X Win/Mac Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

* The world's most powerful Natural-Media painting and illustration software
* All-new RealBristle painting system models traditional brushes like never before
* Ideal for commercial designers, entertainment artists, pro photographers, fine artists and students
* Box version includes bonus brushes, gradients, image hose nozzles, paper textures, patterns and weaves
* Also includes full color User Guide and access to downloadable training movies

Machine Tool And Manufacturing Technology

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he book is designed to interest students in manufacturing in a logical manner. *The basic machine tool operations are covered (same as the machine tool courses presently taught in schools). *A complete section on CNC programming and operation for teaching-size and standard machines presented in east-to-understand language. *Twelve new manufacturing technologies, directly related to the machine trade are covered in a brief overview of each, designed to show students the many exciting career opportunities available in manufacturing. ALSO AVAILABLE Workbook, ISBN: 0-8273-7587-5 INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS CALL CUSTOMER SUPPORT TO ORDER Instructor's Manual, ISBN: 0-8273-7863-7

Book Info
Covers the basic machine tool operations and processes, and computer numerical control technology. Provides an overview of 13 new manufacturing technologies that have a direct relationship to the machine tool trade. DLC: Machining.

Creating models and tool paths for CNC machining

Creating models and tool paths for CNC machining,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

With BobArt Pro-X from BobCAD-CAM, users can convert pictures or CAD drawings into 2D toolpath or embossed models for machining within Version 20 2D and 3D CAD/CAM software. The release is intended to assist manufacturers, including mold makers, in creating the appropriate model and tool path for CNC machining, from imported or designed images and CAD geometry.

Users can automatically convert a color, grayscale or black and white picture into a full relief model, says the company. The appropriate toolpath strategy can then be created on the fly. Added mirroring options are useful for creating negative relief models. In addition to this capability, users can form raster to vector operations to create 2D profile tool paths for carving or profile milling directly from pictures.

Once the toolpath is machined in the CAM sphere of the software, the cutting process can be simulated and verified prior to sending the program to the machine.

Small Woodworking Shops

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Small Woodworking Shops contains years of Fine Woodworking authors' knowledge and expertise on how to make the best of a small space, often with materials woodworkers already have at their disposal. Projects for modifying garages, basements, or specially built shops to fit various needs are included.

VERTEX 6" rotary table horizontal/vertical new in box

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In this listing we feature our new VERTEX horizontasl/vertical rotary table. It is a high quality Taiwanese import with a #2 morse taper hole through center. Features a 90 to 1 gear ratio and oversized heavy duty crank handle for ease of movement. Vernier scale graduation on the handles. 1 year warranty. See our other listings for accessories for these tables as well as rotary table packages, including dividing plates and tail stocks.

Machine and Hand Joinery

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This collection of articles from recent issues of Fine Woodworking magazine, the world's leading woodworking magazine, delivers expert advice and information on different types of joinery, tool use, and techniques.

About the Author
Fine Woodworking was launched in 1975 in response to the lack of quality information on the craft. With a circulation of 287,000, it is now the premiere source of how-to information for woodworkers of all skill levels that are seriously interested in woodworking techniques, tools, projects, finishing and design inspiration.

Machine tool trade with Japan and Taiwan

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The President has directed that the US Trade Representative negotiate a limited extension of the voluntary restraint agreements (VRAs) with Japan and Taiwan on machine tools. These VRAs were negotiated in 1986 for national security reasons and were scheduled to expire on December 31, 1991.

Import restrictions on machining centers, computer-controlled lathes, computer-controlled punching and shearing machine tools, and computer-controlled milling machine tools will be removed progressively over a 2-year period beginning in January 1992.

To allow sufficient time for negotiations with concerned countries over the phase-out schedule, we are requesting that Japan and Taiwan extend the existing VRA restrictions on machining centers, computer-controlled lathes, computer-controlled punching and shearing machine tools, and computer controlled milling machine tools, scheduled to expire on December 31, 1991, for an additional 30 days.The Secretary of Commerce, as chairman of the cabinet-level Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee, will give special focus to ways to promote machine tools exports.

* US export control regulations will be reviewed to ensure that restrictions on machine tools are kept to the minimum consistent with national security.

* The Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and Labor will designate officials at the Assistant Secretary level to work together to monitor the industry's performance and to consult regularly with industry representatives.

* The Secretary of Labor will help the machine tool industry improve technical training, human resource management, and the utilization of new and emerging technologies.

* The Secretaries of Commerce and Energy will examine which research and development efforts in the national laboratories could benefit the domestic machine tool industry and will recommend appropriate investment and technology transfer to realize such benefit.

* The Secretaries of Commerce and Defense will continue to implement the Domestic Action Plan of programs to support the revitalization of the US machine tool industry. Key elements of the Domestic Action Plan are as follows:

-- Support for the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (amounting to $50 million during fiscal years 1988-91); and

-- Support by the Defense Department's Manufacturing Technology (MANTECH) research and development program. More than $33 million has been spent for research on machine tools and related technologies over the past 3 years. Funding for related technologies is estimated at $82 million over the FY 1991-95 period.

* The Secretary of Commerce will continue efforts under the US-Japan Cooperation Plan, which was begun in May 1990 to help promote US products to Japanese machine tool users and their subsidiaries in the United States.

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