Blogger All kind of, Cutting tools, Used Machine Tools, New Machine ,Tools

Band saw ,Woodworking machines

2009-08-04T17:27:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
Here's the FIRST book to offer step-by-step guidelines that walk the reader through the entire process a building a CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine from start to finish. Using inexpensive, off-the-shelf parts, readers can build CNC machines with true industrial shop applications such as machining, routing, and cutting--at a fraction of what it would cost to purchase one.

* Great for anyone who wants to automate a task in their home shop or small business
* Easy-to-use Windows-based software controls the robotic automation
* Builders can scale and customize the machine to suit their own industrial needs
* Numerous tips, tricks, and pictorials walk the reader through every step--design, construction, and completion

Book Info
Text provides step-by-step, illustrated directions for designing, constructing, and testing a fully functional computer numerical control (CNC) robot. Includes time-saving tips, tricks, and pictoral help along the way. Softcover.

Laser Circular Saw with Soft Grips

2008-09-19T02:16:00.001-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Trying to follow that pencil mark as you cut long stock with a circular saw can be tricky. The mark might blend with the stock if it’s painted, making it difficult to see. And certainly, there’s sawdust to contend with when it comes to keeping an eye on the cut line. Anyone experiencing these troubles will appreciate the laser guide on this 7-1/4-inch circular saw from Black & Decker. The saw’s on-board laser extends a bright, visible line across the work surface, offering a perfectly straight and highly visible cut line that’s easy to follow. The saw is powered by a beefy, 13 amp motor that spins the blade at 5,000 rpm’s, providing plenty of speed and torque for cross cuts and rips through all types of wood. The saw cuts smoothly through material up to 2-3/8 inches (the tool’s capacity at 90 degrees). With an angled cut of 45 degrees, the saw cuts stock up to 1-13/16 inches thick. Bevel adjustments from 0 to 45 offer accurate angled cuts. And, a calibrated depth-adjustment fine-tunes quickly and locks solidly for cuts through materials of varying thicknesses. Best of all, ergonomically designed front- and rear-assist handles with soft grips mean comfort and control on extended jobs and help stabilize the saw for tricky vertical cuts. The purchase is covered by a two-year manufacturer warranty

SponsoredReviews Sponsored Reviews

2007-11-23T15:54:00.000-08:00

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Yuwie Blog Paide Money for Blogger

2007-10-30T14:15:00.001-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

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Parametric programming

2007-10-09T18:17:00.000-07:00

A more recent advancement in CNC interpreters is support of logical commands, known as parametric programming. Parametric programs incorporate both G-code and these logical constructs to create a programming language and syntax similar to BASIC. Various manufacturers refer to parametric programming in brand-specific ways. For instance, Haas refers to parametric programs as macros. GE Fanuc refers to it as Custom Macro A & B, while Okuma refers to it as User Task 2. The programmer can make if/then/else statements, loops, subprogram calls, perform various arithmetic, and manipulate variables to create a large degree of freedom within one program. An entire product line of different sizes can be programmed using logic and simple math to create and scale an entire range of parts, or create a stock part that can be scaled to any size a customer demands.

CNC wood router

2007-10-09T18:15:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A wood CNC Router is similar to a metal CNC mill with the following differences:

* The wood router typically spins faster — up to 24,000 RPM
* It typically uses smaller tools — typical shank size 20 mm or at most 25 mm.
* It typically uses smaller toolholders MK2 (Morse taper #2 - on older machines),ISO-30, HSK-63 or the tools just get held in a collet tool holder affixed directly to the spindle nose. ISO-30 and HSK-63 are rapid-change toolholding systems. HSK-63 has begun to supplant the ISO-30 as the rapid change standard in recent years

diamond blade

2007-10-09T18:14:00.001-07:00

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A diamond blade is a circular saw blade used for cutting hard or abrasive materials. They are commonly used in the construction industry for building, remodeling and repairs.

diamond blades can be used for cutting concrete, brick, block, stone and other materials with similar properties. A diamond blade is composed of a steel core (unlike diamond wire) and powder metal which is combined with diamond crystals and then heated and pressed into a molding which form the diamond segments, also known as the "cutting teeth" of the blade. The diamond segments are then welded to the steel core.

The steel core can vary in design. Some of them have spaces (known as gullets) between each segment to provide cooling and slurry removal, while others have a single continuous rim for smoother chip-free cutting. The type of core that has to be used depends of the type of materials that will be cut.

2007-08-22T17:36:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

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Machining And CNC Technology Student Programming

2007-08-04T17:33:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
Machining and CNC Technology is the first text written to fully integrate basic machine tool and CNC concepts throughout. Beginning in the first chapter, the differences between manually-operated and CNC equipment are shown and compared. The text is written for introductory courses, and does not assume previous machining background on the part of readers. Part I discusses the basics of today's integrated manufacturing world. In Part II students learn to safely set up and run manually operated equipment, always with the goal of transferring their skills to CNC systems. This part covers setups, safe operation, faultless program tryout and program writing, both with command codes and using CAM. CAD/CAM exercises are provided on CD-ROM, using the Mastercam® software program (student version). Finally, Part IV focuses on the future, highlighting technologies that have changed, and will continue to change, our manufacturing world.

Programming of CNC Machines

2007-08-04T17:30:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
Written in simple, easy-to-understand language by skilled programmers with years of experience teaching CNC machining to the industry and in formal education settings, this new edition provides full descriptions of many operation and programming functions and illustrates their practical applications through examples. It provides in-depth information on how to program turning and milling machines, which is applicable to almost all control systems. It keeps all theoretical explanations to a minimum throughout so that they do not distort an understanding of the programming. And because of the wide range of information available about the selection of tools, cutting speeds, and the technology of machining, it is sure to benefit engineers, programmers, supervisors, and machine operators who need ready access to information that will solve CNC operation and programming problems. This third edition of an already proven effective text offers detailed coverage of subjects not addressed by the majority of existing texts.

Distinctive Features
- Contains expanded sections on CAD/CAM and Conversational Programming that offer insight into the modern methods of CNC programming.
- Includes a modern CNC controller representation in the Operation Section.
- Thoroughly describes mathematical formula usage necessary for creating programs manually.
- Provides practical examples and study questions throughout, allowing users to demonstrate their proficiency.
- Features improved blueprints and drawings created to ANSI standards in order to improve clarity.
- Offers a glossary of terminology and useful technical data and charts needed for effective programming.
- Illustrates how to create each programming example through clear step-by-step presentations.
- The only textbook that covers edgeCAM CAD/CAM Programming. Project Lead the Way (PLTW) has adopted edgeCAM as the CAD/CAM program they use in their Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) courses taught at high schools across the nation.
- Includes the latest version of Mastercam--Mastercam X

About the Author
Currently, Ken Evans is the lead Machine Tool Technology instructor at the Davis Applied Technology College in Kaysville, Utah. He has been employed there as full-time faculty for more than fifteen years. He teaches foundational through advanced machining curriculum including Mastercam CAD/CAM classes for regular students, other educators and private industry. He is certified to teach the Project Lead the Way course, Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Ken was the Training and Applications Specialist for a local machine tool distributor in Salt Lake City for 6 years where he taught Mazatrol Conversational programming classes for their customers. He was one of the nations first Mazatrol Programming instructors to work with a distributor and is certified by MAZAK. In addition, Ken trains other educators, from around the region how to set-up, program and operate their CNC Machines.

Working Wood A Complete Bench-Top Reference

2007-08-04T17:19:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
This handy bench reference tells what kinds of jig make a table saw more efficient or accurate, what’s the best drill-bit speed to use to drill a one-inch hole in hardwood, what clamps and fixtures to use if you’re lamin-ating curved pieces, and many more tricks. At last, a comprehensive, accessible, and easy-to-understand guide you can pull off the shelf whenever you’re stumped.

About the Author
Starting in 1970 as a boat-building apprentice in Maine, Jim Tolpin's career moved through timberframing, finshing, and cabinetry. A regular contributor to CabinetMaker and Woodshop News, Tolpin also writes for Fine Woodworking and American Woodworker. His book, Building Traditional Kitchen Cabinets, won the 1995 Stanley Award for Best How-To Book.

Other Books by This Author:
Building Traditional Kitchen Cabinets

Single Row Angle Grinder Large Knot Wire Nut Outside Cup Brush Brush

2007-08-04T17:14:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Technical Details

* Knot wire for low to medium flexibility and aggressive cutting
* Primary application: For fast cleaning of large surfaces

Diamond plate Tools

2007-08-04T17:07:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A diamond plate is a steel plate sometimes with a plastic or resin base. The plate is coated with diamond grit, an abrasive that will grind material from the blade. The plate may have a series of holes cut in it which are designed to capture the swarf that is cast off as grinding takes place.

Diamond plates are available in various plate sizes (from credit card to bench plate size) and grades of grit. A coarser grit is used to remove larger amounts of metal more rapidly, such as when forming an edge or restoring an edge which is damaged. A finer grit is used to remove the scratches of larger grits and to refine an edge. Two-sided plates exist where each side is covered by a different grit.

Unlike stones which can become rounded—decreasing their effectiveness—diamond plates remain flat. They do not require the use of a lubricant.

Diamond plates, being made from diamond—even though of industrial grade—tend to be more expensive than stones.

CNC tool and cutter grinder

2007-08-04T17:05:00.000-07:00

CNC tool and cutter grinder Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Today's tool and grinder is typically a CNC machine tool, usually 4, 5, or 6 axes, which produces endmills, drills, etc. which are widely used in the metal cutting industry.

Tool and cutter grinders can be adapted to manufacturing precision machine components. The machine, when used for these purposes more likely would be called a CNC Grinding System.

CNC Grinding Systems are widely used to produce parts for aerospace, medical, automotive, and other industries. Extremely hard and exotic materials are generally no problem for today's grinding systems and the multi-axis machines are capable of generating quite complex geometries.

Radius Grinder

A radius grinder (or radius tool grinder) is a special grinder used for grinding the most complex tool forms, and is the historical predecessor to the CNC tool and cutter grinder. Like the CNC grinder, it may be used for other tasks where grinding spherical surfaces is necessary. The tool itself consists of three parts: The grinder head, work table, and holding fixture. The grinder head has three degrees of freedom. Vertical movement, movement into the workpeice, and tilt. These are generally set statically, and left fixed throughout operations. The work table is a T-slotted X-axis table mounted on top of a radial fixture. Mounting the X axis on top of the radius table, as opposed to the other way around, allows for complex and accurate radius grinds. The holding fixtures can be anything one can mount on a slotted table, but most commonly used is a collet or chuck fixture that indexes and has a separate Y movement to allow accurate depth setting and endmill sharpening. The dressers used on these grinders are usually quite expensive, and can dress the grinding wheel itself with a particular radius.

The D-bit grinder is a tool bit grinder that specializes in the grinding of D-bit cutters for pantograph milling machines. Pantographs are a variety of milling machine used to create cavities for the dies used in the molding process, they are being rapidly replaced by CNC machining centers.

Tool and Cutter grinder

2007-08-04T17:02:00.000-07:00

Tool and Cutter grinder ,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A tool and cutter grinder is used to sharpen milling cutters and tool bits along with a host of other cutting tools.

It is an extremely versatile machine used to perform a variety of grinding operations, surface, cylindrical, or for the grinding of complex shapes. The image shows a manually operated setup, however highly automated Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines are becoming increasingly common due to the complexities involved in the process.

The operation of this machine (in particular the manually operated variety) requires a high level of skill. The illustrated set-up is only one of many combinations available, the huge variety in shapes and types of machining cutters requires flexibility in usage. A variety of dedicated fixtures are included that allow cylindrical grinding operations or complex angles to be ground. The vise shown can swivel in three planes.

The table moves longitudinally and laterally, the head can swivel as well as being adjustable in the horizontal plane, as visible in the first image. This flexibility in the head allows the critical clearance angles required by the various cutters to be achieved.

grinder Lapping

2007-08-04T16:58:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Lapping is a machining operation, in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or by way of a machine.

This can take two forms. The first type of lapping (traditionally called grinding), typically involves rubbing a brittle material such as glass against a surface such as iron or glass itself (also known as the "lap" or grinding tool) with an abrasive such as aluminum oxide, emery, silicon carbide, diamond, etc., in between them. This produces microscopic conchoidal fractures as the abrasive rolls about between the two surfaces and removes material from both.

The other form of lapping involves a softer material for the lap, which is "charged" with the abrasive. The lap is then used to cut a harder material—the workpiece. The abrasive embeds within the softer material which holds it and permits it to score across and cut the harder material. Taken to the finer limit, this will produce a polished surface such as a polishing cloth on an automobile, or a polishing cloth or polishing pitch upon glass or steel.

Taken to the ultimate limit, with the aid of accurate interferometry and specialized polishing machines, lensmakers can produce surfaces that are flat to better than 30 nanometers. This is one twentieth of the wavelength of light from a commonly-used source, 632.8 nm. Surfaces this flat can be molecularly bonded (optically contacted) by bringing them together under the right conditions. (This is not the same as the wringing effect of Johansson blocks, although it is similar).

Tools Jig grinder

2007-08-04T16:53:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A jig grinder is a machine tool used for grinding complex shapes and holes where the highest degrees of accuracy and finish are required.

The jig grinder is very similar to a jig borer, in that the table positioning and spindles are very accurate (far more so than a manual milling machine or lathe). It is almost exclusively used by tool and die makers in the creation of jigs or mating holes and pegs on dies. There are usually many peripheral elements to a large jig grinder, including separate hydraulic motors, air compressors, and various cooling systems for both the hydraulic circuit and supplying coolant to the work and machine itself.

The machine operates by a high speed air spindle rotating a grinding bit. The air spindles are removable and interchangeable to achieve varying surface speeds. Some spindles are fixed speed (60000 rpm), others are adjustable (30000-50000 rpm), and still others are very high speed (175000 rpm). The machines have a standard X-Y table with the notable exception of knee travel. All axes are indexed to .0001" via a vernier scale on the handwheels, with higher accuracy available with the use of measuring bars. The machine head has two vertical travels, one rough head adjustment and the other a precise spindle adjustment. The spindle to which the detachable air spindle mounts also rotates at a variable speed and can typically outfeed .100" while running, again with an accuracy of .0001" on the handwheel or greater, for very precise hole, peg and surface grinding. A well-kept jig grinder will reliably position work to a higher degree of accuracy than is possible with handwheels alone. These features are all critical in positioning a hole and peg system a precise distance from a reference surface or edge.

The most important factor on a jig grinder is the dual-spindle configuration. The main spindle is roughly positioned with between 1" or 2" of travel for setup, and then the .100" of outfeed is used during machine operation to outfeed into the work. A spacer bar may be used between the grinder and main spindle, allowing large (9" radius or larger) work to be completed. The main spindle has a wide range of speeds to ensure proper grinder feed rates are maintained.

Grinding wheel

2007-08-04T16:49:00.000-07:00

Grinding wheel Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that carries an abrasive compound on its periphery. These wheels are used in grinding machines.

The wheel is generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and bonded together to form a solid, circular shape, various profiles and cross sections are available depending on the intended usage for the wheel. They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface.

Materials used are generally silicon carbide and diamond with a vitrified bonding agent. In production grinding, a wide array of materials are used. Wheels with different abrasives, structure, bond, grade, and grain sizes are available. The abrasive is the actual cutting material, such as cubic boron nitride, zirconia aluminum oxide, manufactured diamonds, ceramic aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide, and others. The abrasive is selected based on the hardness of the material being cut. The structure of the wheel refers to the density of the wheel (bond and abrasive versus airspace). A less-dense wheel will cut freely, and has a large effect on surface finish. A less dense wheel is able to take a deeper or wider cut with less coolant, as the chip clearance on the wheel is greater. The grade of the wheel determines how tightly the bond holds the abrasive. Grade affects almost all considerations of grinding, such as wheel speed, coolant flow, maximum and minimum feed rates, and grinding depth. Grain size determines the physical abrasive size in the wheel. A larger grain will cut freely, allowing fast cutting but poor surface finish. Ultra-fine grain sizes are for precision finish work, where a fine surface finish is required. The wheel bonding agent determines how the wheel holds the abrasives. This affects finish, coolant, and minimum/maximum wheel speed.

The manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on rotation.

Grinding wheels are self sharpening to a small degree, for optimal use they may be dressed and trued by the use of grinding dressers. Dressing the wheel refers to removing the current layer of abrasive, so that a fresh and sharp surface is exposed to the work surface. Truing the wheel makes the grinding surface parallel to the grinding table or other reference plane, so the entire grinding wheel is even and produces an accurate surface.

The wheel type (eg:- cup or plain wheel below) fit freely on their supporting arbors, the necessary clamping force to transfer the rotary motion being applied to the wheels side by identically sized flanges (metal discs). The paper blotter shown in the images is intended to distribute this clamping force evenly across the wheels surface.

Types of grinders

2007-08-04T16:45:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

These machines include the

* Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing, deburring, and stock removal
* Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench. It is used for shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated.
* Cylindrical grinder which includes the centerless grinder. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated and fed past the wheel/s to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods.
* Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is lowered, and the workpiece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.
* Tool and Cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist toolroom grinding operations.

* Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. It's primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

Grinding machine

2007-08-04T16:42:00.000-07:00

Grinding machine Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts, using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or of inorganic materials. For machines used to reduce particle size in materials processing see grinding.
Construction

The grinding machine consists of a power driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed (which is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating, usually by a formula) and a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work-piece. The grinding head can be controlled to travel across a fixed work piece or the workpiece can be moved whilst the grind head stays in a fixed position. Very fine control of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of NC or CNC controls.

Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat; they therefore incorporate a coolant to cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns in some cases. In very high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders) the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 2/10000mm (less than 1/100000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.

Drilling in Metal

2007-08-04T11:17:00.000-07:00

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Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. The continued production of chips from the cutting edges produces more chips which continue the movement of the chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly or totally from the hole while drilling). Lubricants and coolants (i.e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tools life by cooling and lubricating the tip and chip flow. Coolant is introduced via holes through the drill shank (see gun drill bits).

Straight fluting is used for copper or brass, as this exhibits less tendency to "dig in" or grab the material. If a helical drill (twist drill) is used then the same effect can be achieved by stoning a small flat parallel with the axis of the drill bit.

For heavy feeds and comparatively deep holes oil-hole drills can be used, with a lubricant pumped to the drill head through a small hole in the bit and flowing out along the fluting. A conventional drill press arrangement can be used in oil well drilling, but is more commonly seen in automatic drilling machinery in which it is the workpiece that rotates rather than the drill bit.

Metalworking terminology

2007-08-04T11:12:00.000-07:00

Metalworking terminology Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using a abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.

the simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.

grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. from the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000rpm CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.

grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for postioning CNC machine axis. the common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10X more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.

in the past grinders were used for finishing operations only due to limitations of tooling. modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other made-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production enviroments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.

modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.

Morse taper shank

2007-08-04T11:08:00.000-07:00

Morse taper shanks Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The morse taper twist drill bits pictured right are used in metalworking. The full range of tapers is from 0 to 7.

The morse taper allows the bit to be mounted directly into the spindle of a drill, lathe tailstock or (with the use of adapters) into the spindle of milling machines. It is a self locking (or self holding) taper of approximately 5/8" per foot [1] that allows the torque to be transferred to the drill bit by the friction between the taper shank and the socket. The tang at the end of the taper is only for ejecting the drill bit from the spindle, with the aid of a drift.

The arbor of a drill chuck is often a morse taper and this allows the chuck assembly to be removed and directly replaced with the shank of a morse taper drill bit. A range of sleeves may be used to bring the size of the smaller morse tapers up to the size of the drive spindle's larger taper. Sockets are also available to extend the effective length of the drill as well as offering a variety of taper combinations.

The detail image shows a morse taper shank on a 16 mm diameter drill bit.

* Simple to manufacture on a lathe
* Cannot be held in a chuck or collet
* High torque transmission provided the bit is driven hard into the workpiece
* Very accurate centring

The SDS Shank Tools

2007-08-04T11:06:00.000-07:00

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The SDS shank has the advantage of a simple spring-loaded chuck, so that bits can be chucked with a simple and quick hand action. Further, the shank and chuck are uniquely suited to hammer drilling in stone and concrete. The drill bit is not held solidly in the chuck, but can slide back and forth like a piston. The hammer of the drill acts to accelerate only the drill bit itself, and not the large mass of the chuck, which makes hammer drilling with an SDS shank drill bit much more productive than with other types of shank. So, SDS shanks are most often seen on masonry drills, for which hammer drilling action is most helpful.

Rotational drive uses the sliding keyways that open to the end of the shank, which mate with keys in the chuck. The smaller indentations that do not open to the end are grasped by the chuck to prevent the drill bit falling out. The hammer of the drill hits the flat end of the shank. To allow the bit shank to slide in the chuck, the shank must be lubricated with grease.

SDS is available in three sizes, SDS, SDSplus or SDS-plus or SDS+, and SDS-max. SDS-plus is the most common by count of tools manufactured, with masonry drills from 5 mm diameter to 30 mm diameter ordinarily available. The shortest SDS-plus masonry drill bits are about 110 mm overall length, and the longest 1000 mm. This long drill bit is entirely practical for use in a portable power drill, provided a 400 mm long bit is first used to start the bore off. It's very useful for installing wiring and plumbing in existing brick and stone buildings.

The SDS bit was developed by Bosch in 1975 and the name comes from the German "Steck – Dreh – Sitz" (Insert – Twist – Stay). German-speaking countries may use "Spannen durch System" (Clamping System), though Bosch uses "Special Direct System" for international purposes.[1][2]

* Relatively complex to manufacture
* Superb hammer drilling performance
* Drills with a "rotation-stop" mode can use chiselling bits
* One-handed quick chucking operation
* Can only be held in an SDS chuck
* Not very accurate centring
* High torque transmission

Hex shank

2007-08-04T11:04:00.000-07:00

Hex shank Wood Working Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The flats of a hex shank can either be machined on a round shank, as in the photograph, or can be the natural flats of hex bar stock. A hex shank can be grasped by a 3-jaw drill chuck, or can be held in a custom chuck specifically for hex shanks. 1/4 inch hex shanks are common for machine screwdriver bits, and have spread from that application to be used for drill bits that are compatible with screwdriver machinery.

* Zero manufacturing if the drill bit is made from hex bar stock
* Can be held in a drill chuck
* Can be held in a screwdriver bit chuck
* High torque transmission
* moderately accurate centring
* Cannot be held in a collet

Straight shank

2007-08-04T11:01:00.000-07:00

Drill bit shank and Straight shank Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The straight shank is the most usual style on modern drill bits, by number manufactured. It is most often made the same diameter as the drill bit, for economy. It's then held in a 3-jaw drill chuck. Very small bits can have straight shanks larger than the drill diameter, often for holding in a standard size collet. Large drill bits can have straight shanks smaller than their drill diameter, so that medium-size chucks can be used to drill large holes. Such a drill bit is called reduced shank or a blacksmith's drill.

* Easy to make on a lathe
* Zero manufacturing if the drill bit is made from round bar stock
* Can be held in a collet chuck
* Can be held in a drill chuck, the commonest sort
* very accurate centering
* low torque transmission

Drill bit shank

2007-08-04T10:58:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Drill bit shankWoodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The shank is the part of a drill bit grasped by the chuck of a drill. The cutting edges of the drill bit are at one end, and the shank is at the other. Different styles of shank/chuck combination deliver different performance, such as allowing higher torque or greater centering accuracy.
Brace shank
Brace drill bit shank
Brace drill bit shank

This shank was common before 1850, and is still produced in 2005. At first, the tapered shank was just rammed into a square hole in the end of the drill. Over time, various chuck designs have been invented, and modern chucks can grasp and drive this shank effectively.

* Easy to make in a smithy
* Very wide tolerances allowable
* Moderate torque transmission but without the slippage common to round shanks
* Hard to grasp with any precision without the proper chuck

Woods Working Diehead

2007-08-04T10:52:00.000-07:00

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A die head is a threading die that is used in the high volume production of threaded components.
Die heads are commonly used on lathes, turret lathes, screw machines and CNC lathes. They may be used for either cutting a thread or rolling a thread. They may also be used for internal or external thread cutting.

In operation, there are usaully four moveable chasers that cut the thread then back away from the work to permit rapid removal of the tool. The lower picture at the right shows four sets of chasers. Each set of chasers is designed to cut a different thread. One set of chasers would be used at a time, each chaser is inserted into the die head (in the correct order) and the die head is closed bringing the chasers down to their cutting position. When sufficient length of thread has been cut the die head will open allowing for rapid retraction of the head without interference with the newly formed thread.

With most die heads, all that is needed to open the chasers is a reverse load. Simply withdrawing the die head is all that is needed to open it.

The die head shown cuts an outside thread. There are also collapsible die heads that are used to cut an internal thread.
Die Head for Thread Rolling
Die Head for Thread Rolling

The bottom picture shows a Die Head used for Thread Rolling. A Rolled Thread may have greater strength than a cut thread, though it usually requires more energy to roll a thread than cut one.

Drilling and threading

2007-08-04T10:50:00.000-07:00

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Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a drill to produce holes. Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. The continued production of chips from the cutting edges pushes the older chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly [breaking the chip] or totally from the hole [clearing the bit] while drilling). Lubricants (or coolants) (i.e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tool's life by cooling, lubricating the tip and improving chip flow.

Taps and dies are tools commonly used for the cutting of screw threads in metal parts. A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a predrilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod

Metalworking Shape modifying by material

2007-08-04T10:44:00.000-07:00

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Milling
Main article: Milling machine
Milling is the complex shaping of metal (or possibly other materials) parts, by removing unneeded material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine, a power-driven machine that in its basic form is comprised of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually three dimensions [x,y,z axis] relative to the workpiece, whereas a drill can only move in one dimension [z axis] while cutting). The motion across the surface of the workpiece is usually accomplished by moving the table on which the workpiece is mounted, in the x and y directions. Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing, etc. Two common types of millers are the horizontal miller and vertical miller.

Turning
Main article: Lathe (metal)

Conventional metalworking latheA lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation, called Solids of Revolution. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts or camshafts.

The material may be held in place by a chuck or worked between one or two centers of which at least one can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting called the "toolpost", this arrangement is then moved around the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors. The main difference between the Milling Machine and the Lathe is that in the Milling Machine the tool is moving but in the Lathe, the work is moving. Modern CNC lathes can do secondary operations like milling in X,Y,Z direction by using driven tools also called live tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. Driven tools increase machining performance as all operations can be made in one set up in the CNC lathe.

Metalworking Woodworking machines

2007-08-04T10:38:00.000-07:00

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Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create structures or machine parts. The term covers a wide range of work-from large ships, bridges and oil refineries to delicate jewellery and instruments. Consequently, this craft covers a wide range of skills and entails the use of many types of tools.

Metalworking is a trade, art, hobby and industry that relates to metallurgy - a science, jewelery making - an art and craft, as a trade and an industry with ancient roots spanning all cultures and civilizations. Metalworking had its beginnings millennia in the past. Early humans, we speculate, realized different stones had different properties. These were freed metal ores on the earth's surfaces. We can further speculate that some indigenous groups attributed magical and spiritual significance to them. At some imprecise point humankind discovered that these lustrous rocks were meltable, and ductile and able to be formed into various articles for tools, adornment and practical uses. Humans over the millennia learned to work raw metals into objects of art, adornment, trade and practicality.

By the historical periods of the Pharohs in Egypt, the Vedic Kings in India, and the Tribes of Israel, and Mayan Civilization in North America among other ancient populations, precious metals began to have value attached to them, and in some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and trade were created, enforced and agreed upon by respective peoples. By the above periods skills at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of precious metals (non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous metals and/or alloys were finely honed and flawlessly executed skills and techniques practised by artisans, blacksmiths, atharvavedic practitioners, alchemists, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. For example, the ancient technique of granulation is found spontaneously around the world in numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people travelled seas or overland to far regions of the earth to share this process still being used, and attempted by metalsmiths today.

As time progressed metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgable. Metalsmiths became important members of society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. Today modern mining practices are more efficient, and conversely more damaging to the earth, and the workers that are engaged in the industry. Those that finance the operations are driven by profits per ounce of extracted precious metals and today's gold market which as of the date of this editing, are at a 25 year high. The metalworker though depends on the extraction of precious metals to make jewelery, build more efficient electronics, and for industrial and technological applications from construction to shipping containers to rail, and air transport. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today. More individuals then ever before are learning metalworking as a creative outlet in the forms of jewelery making, hobby restoration of aircraft and cars, blacksmithing, tinsmithing, tinkering, and in other art and craft pursuits. Trade schools continue to teach welding in all of its forms, and there is a proliferation of schools of Lapidary and Jewelers arts and sciences at this- the beginning of the 21st. Century a.c.e./a.d.

Tipped tool

2007-08-04T10:29:00.000-07:00

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A tipped tool or insert generally refers to any cutting tool where the cutting edge consists of a separate piece of material, either brazed or clamped on to a separate body.

They are used principally in the metalworking and woodworking industries; however they may be found in various forms in many cutting tools. Some examples are fly cutters, milling cutters , turning tools and saw blades.

These tools provide the advantage of pre-ground cutting edges and geometry on inserts that may be readily replaced in a less expensive holder (or body). The material of both the body and tip can then be optimised for their individual requirements and this along with improved production techniques has led to their greater adoption within their respective industries.

Carbide tipped turning tool and wrench

Carbide tipped face mill

Corel Painter X Win/Mac

2007-07-27T00:21:00.000-07:00

Corel Painter X Win/Mac Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

* The world's most powerful Natural-Media painting and illustration software
* All-new RealBristle painting system models traditional brushes like never before
* Ideal for commercial designers, entertainment artists, pro photographers, fine artists and students
* Box version includes bonus brushes, gradients, image hose nozzles, paper textures, patterns and weaves
* Also includes full color User Guide and access to downloadable training movies

Machine Tool And Manufacturing Technology

2007-07-26T23:07:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,Machine Tool And Manufacturing Technology

he book is designed to interest students in manufacturing in a logical manner. *The basic machine tool operations are covered (same as the machine tool courses presently taught in schools). *A complete section on CNC programming and operation for teaching-size and standard machines presented in east-to-understand language. *Twelve new manufacturing technologies, directly related to the machine trade are covered in a brief overview of each, designed to show students the many exciting career opportunities available in manufacturing. ALSO AVAILABLE Workbook, ISBN: 0-8273-7587-5 INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTS CALL CUSTOMER SUPPORT TO ORDER Instructor's Manual, ISBN: 0-8273-7863-7

Book Info
Covers the basic machine tool operations and processes, and computer numerical control technology. Provides an overview of 13 new manufacturing technologies that have a direct relationship to the machine tool trade. DLC: Machining.

Creating models and tool paths for CNC machining

2007-07-26T23:06:00.000-07:00

Creating models and tool paths for CNC machining,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

With BobArt Pro-X from BobCAD-CAM, users can convert pictures or CAD drawings into 2D toolpath or embossed models for machining within Version 20 2D and 3D CAD/CAM software. The release is intended to assist manufacturers, including mold makers, in creating the appropriate model and tool path for CNC machining, from imported or designed images and CAD geometry.

Users can automatically convert a color, grayscale or black and white picture into a full relief model, says the company. The appropriate toolpath strategy can then be created on the fly. Added mirroring options are useful for creating negative relief models. In addition to this capability, users can form raster to vector operations to create 2D profile tool paths for carving or profile milling directly from pictures.

Once the toolpath is machined in the CAM sphere of the software, the cutting process can be simulated and verified prior to sending the program to the machine.

Small Woodworking Shops

2007-07-26T23:05:00.000-07:00

Small Woodworking Shops,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Small Woodworking Shops contains years of Fine Woodworking authors' knowledge and expertise on how to make the best of a small space, often with materials woodworkers already have at their disposal. Projects for modifying garages, basements, or specially built shops to fit various needs are included.

VERTEX 6" rotary table horizontal/vertical new in box

2007-07-26T23:02:00.000-07:00

VERTEX 6" rotary table horizontal/vertical new in box ,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

In this listing we feature our new VERTEX horizontasl/vertical rotary table. It is a high quality Taiwanese import with a #2 morse taper hole through center. Features a 90 to 1 gear ratio and oversized heavy duty crank handle for ease of movement. Vernier scale graduation on the handles. 1 year warranty. See our other listings for accessories for these tables as well as rotary table packages, including dividing plates and tail stocks.

Machine and Hand Joinery

2007-07-26T22:58:00.000-07:00

Machine and Hand Joinery, Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

This collection of articles from recent issues of Fine Woodworking magazine, the world's leading woodworking magazine, delivers expert advice and information on different types of joinery, tool use, and techniques.

About the Author
Fine Woodworking was launched in 1975 in response to the lack of quality information on the craft. With a circulation of 287,000, it is now the premiere source of how-to information for woodworkers of all skill levels that are seriously interested in woodworking techniques, tools, projects, finishing and design inspiration.

Machine tool trade with Japan and Taiwan

2007-07-26T22:56:00.000-07:00

Machine tool trade with Japan and Taiwan,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The President has directed that the US Trade Representative negotiate a limited extension of the voluntary restraint agreements (VRAs) with Japan and Taiwan on machine tools. These VRAs were negotiated in 1986 for national security reasons and were scheduled to expire on December 31, 1991.

Import restrictions on machining centers, computer-controlled lathes, computer-controlled punching and shearing machine tools, and computer-controlled milling machine tools will be removed progressively over a 2-year period beginning in January 1992.

To allow sufficient time for negotiations with concerned countries over the phase-out schedule, we are requesting that Japan and Taiwan extend the existing VRA restrictions on machining centers, computer-controlled lathes, computer-controlled punching and shearing machine tools, and computer controlled milling machine tools, scheduled to expire on December 31, 1991, for an additional 30 days.The Secretary of Commerce, as chairman of the cabinet-level Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee, will give special focus to ways to promote machine tools exports.

* US export control regulations will be reviewed to ensure that restrictions on machine tools are kept to the minimum consistent with national security.

* The Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and Labor will designate officials at the Assistant Secretary level to work together to monitor the industry's performance and to consult regularly with industry representatives.

* The Secretary of Labor will help the machine tool industry improve technical training, human resource management, and the utilization of new and emerging technologies.

* The Secretaries of Commerce and Energy will examine which research and development efforts in the national laboratories could benefit the domestic machine tool industry and will recommend appropriate investment and technology transfer to realize such benefit.

* The Secretaries of Commerce and Defense will continue to implement the Domestic Action Plan of programs to support the revitalization of the US machine tool industry. Key elements of the Domestic Action Plan are as follows:

-- Support for the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (amounting to $50 million during fiscal years 1988-91); and

-- Support by the Defense Department's Manufacturing Technology (MANTECH) research and development program. More than $33 million has been spent for research on machine tools and related technologies over the past 3 years. Funding for related technologies is estimated at $82 million over the FY 1991-95 period.

* The Secretary of Commerce will continue efforts under the US-Japan Cooperation Plan, which was begun in May 1990 to help promote US products to Japanese machine tool users and their subsidiaries in the United States.

CNC analysis aids machine design

2007-07-26T22:55:00.000-07:00

CNC analysis aids machine design,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Moore Tool (Bridgeport, Connecticut) currently designs, engineers and builds machines in conjunction with its sister company, Producto, in a 200,000-square-foot facility with approximately 200 employees. When the company set out to build a five-axis, high speed machining center for use in the production of critical components, it faced numerous challenges. The machine was intended to serve critical needs of the turbo machinery, mold and die, scroll compressor and medical markets. To help meet the needs of these applications, a control supplier analyzed the machine's control system in order to optimize the performance of this particular design.

The machine needed to possess capabilities such as high speed (30,000 rpm to 40,000 rpm) cutting capability when milling materials ranging from aluminum to hardened Steel and titanium; dynamic response; good stability and vibration dampening; automation adaptability; a user-friendly Windows working environment; onboard cooling; substantial onboard memory in a CNC without external devices for downloading complex programs; and, above all, high precision.

Moore Tool embodied a "from the ground up" approach to develop its Five-Sided Precision (FSP) line of machining centers. Speed and accuracy were considered when evaluating the needs of working with various materials, as were the differing requirements of production and part accuracy. The requirements of machining aluminum and titanium with high production rates can differ when compared to the intricate contours and features of mold components produced directly in hardened steel. Adding the requirements for efficient graphite machining also produces significant challenges.
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The company says the need for a combination of high precision and high material removal rates was evident. The complex contour surface profiling on leading and trailing edges of blades, and especially blisks and IBRs, made a high speed processor essential to maintain acceptable feed rates. The machine configuration, particularly as it relates to the position and configuration of the rotary tables and spindle, would also play an integral role in meeting the needs of Moore Tool's customers.

The machine's CNC is an 840D from Siemens (Elk Grove Village, Illinois). To maximize machine performance, Siemens performed a detailed dynamic analysis of the machine, control and servodrive system. This service is called "Mechatronics." Data gathered during the Mechatronics process are used to optimize the complete machine concept.

In complex blade contour and finishing operations, the CNC provides an aerospace-specific software feature, CompCAD, by which the control's compressor function smoothes point-to-point programming. The real benefit of the control is realized when processing the part using Non-Rational Uniform B-Splines (NURBS), with which the machine can reach an advanced level of smooth contouring and chatter elimination. This is achieved by using splines in an axis-specific tolerance window. According to the manufacturer, contour violations are thus avoided; the efficiency of acceleration/deceleration curves is increased; and slowdowns/speed-ups at block transitions are virtually eliminated.

According to Moore Tool's engineers, in programming, the open architecture of the CNC, along with its high speed, user-defined macros and block search capabilities, have made it an "ideal choice" for the FSP300X. They go on to say that the ability of the CNC to handle large programs, which are typical for intricate mold and die applications, without "drip feed" is also noteworthy.

Optional features that are available with the machine include high-frequency spindle options as high as 80,000 rpm; a range of robotic part loaders, all of which are designed and built by Moore Tool, with the control parameters incorporated into the host CNC; a graphite machining package; a laser tool-setter with measurement and compensation standards; and various customized configurations. The machine can be enhanced with Siemens' Simodrive 611D drive packages.

Machine tool consumption rises

2007-07-26T22:54:00.000-07:00

Machine tool consumption rises ,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The latest data from the United States Machine Tool Consumption Report (USMTC) indicate that machine tool consumption in the US totaled approximately $46 million in May. This total represents an increase of 8% from April, but a decrease of 8.5% when compared to the estimate of $510 million for May 1999.

Cumulative consumption through May has been computed at $2.3 billion. When compared to 1999, consumption data reveal a 4% increase.

The USMTC report, jointly compiled by AMT and AMTDA, the American Machine Tool Distributor's Association, provides regional and national data on consumption of domestic and imported machine tools and related equipment in the United States.

PCD Grinding Machine has automatic view position facility

2007-07-26T20:16:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,
PCD Grinding Machine has automatic view position facility

Manual RG5B uses proprietary control system that lets users develop tool program comprised of individual grind blocks (steps). Input via 15 in. touchscreen, each block specifies wheel position, wheel reciprocation speed from 0.1-50 mm/sec, wheel speed, wheel direction, and viewing position. System allows complete tools to be ground without re-adjusting machine to reposition for next flank or radius. Unit offers reciprocating table travel to 330 mm.

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The RG5B grinding machine is the latest development in Coborn's highly successful "RG" series of manual, PCD grinding machines. It embraces all of the features of the RG5A machine plus new improvements designed to enable tools to be ground far more efficiently and with greater consistency accuracy.

A new Coborn control system is used which enables users to quickly develop a tool program. Each program consists of a sequence of individual "grind blocks". Each grind block represents one grinding step, such that a tool with, for example, two flanks and one radius would be made up of 3 grind blocks. Each block specifies the wheel position, speed of wheel reciprocation, wheel speed, wheel direction and viewing position. The sequence of blocks is then saved under a program name or number which can then be quickly selected and re-used the next time the same tool has to be ground. Other functions, such as in-feed are controlled manually.
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The system allows complete tools to be ground without the need to re-adjust the machine to reposition for the next flank or radius. A view position facility is provided which automatically moves the wheel away, turns off the coolant and turn on the viewing lamp. When viewing is complete, the machine will automatically turn off the lamp, turn on the coolant, and move the head back to the current grind position and reciprocate.

Features of the machine Control system.

o Control via an industrial PC, software by Coborn Engineering

o Easy to control system, no 'computing' know-how necessary

o Input via a large, easy to read, 15" touch screen

o Tool programs quickly and easily developed ensuring minimal setup time

o Reciprocation amplitude and position stored and adjustable to 1 micron

o Reciprocating speed stored and adjustable from 0.1 - 50mm per sec

o Automatic view position facility, allows one touch viewing and return

o Digital readout with one micron resolution, switchable from mm to inches

o Control unit mounted on double swivel and tilt arm for convenient positioning General

Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE

2007-07-25T22:56:00.000-07:00

Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE

An Introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE is a timely text with coverage of many modern topics, including: rapid prototyping, virtual engineering, NT-based solid modeling systems, and Web-related issues. This book provides balanced coverage of CAD/CAM (with slightly more emphasis on CAD topics) and bonus coverage of computer-aided engineering (CAE). This book's emphasis on the integration of three related disciplines-CAD, CAM, and CAE-makes it a great theoretical introduction to all subjects from geometric representation to the most sophisticated CAE subjects. Many illustrations and references ground the theory in practical examples.
The book also features a unique illustration of the whole product development process through a practical case study that gives readers a clear idea how CAD, CAM, and CAE systems are integrated to accelerate the product development process.
This book is carefully targeted toward today's students; topics are introduced in a concise, efficient manner, with mathematical terminology that is kept to a minimum. A background in programming, calculus, and matrix and vector algebra is helpful when using this text.

How to Set Up Your Motorcycle Workshop

2007-07-25T22:51:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,
How to Set Up Your Motorcycle Workshop

"It's an easy thing to say. . . "Build yourself a shop." And a stirring thought, too. But also kinda scary. It's one of those Great Notions that often end up forever parked, like that weed-smothered junker in the neighbor's yard.

"Not to worry. C.G. ('Charlie') Masi takes you there, making the journey from shadetree wrench to mechanic a relatively painless, enjoyable one. How to Set Up Your Motorcycle Workshop is likely the most comprehensive treatment of the subject ever. Here are the why, wherefores and hows of shop-organizing. . . the 'whens' are up to you!

"It's tough to internalize the wealth of information Masi has assembled here. A founder of Motorcycle Tour & Travel magazine, he lays out with great skill - and welcome mirth - the entire universe of building a bike shop. Tool selection, electrical wiring, heating, AC and lighting, welding, safe chemical storage, and oilspills are key topics. So are some ingenious and useful gizmos and, for the total tyro, budget and strategies. The many photos and illustrations are first-class. Of special interest to the make-space-when-possible crowd are sections dealing with where to put your stuff so it's most quickly accessible.

"Profiled by Masi, 30-year riding veteran and longtime technical editor, are motorcycle shops aplenty. He describes successful versions of garages for race bikes, restoration projects and classics, pro mechanics and general-purpose areas large and small.

"There's much to like about 'How to.' Beginners ready to move 'inside' are given an intelligent plan for inspiration, and advanced mechanics and race tuners receive reminders of how to simplify their lives. The safty issues alone are invaluable, given how easy it is to forget the basics. Every reader is made to think about the costs of making or deferring any decision. But with Masi's good humor, it's all done in a sort of subversive, easy to swallow style.

"This book deserves to be in your library. Or better, hardbound for permanent storage in - where else? - your new shop!" Motorcycle Times Nov/Dec 1996

American Iron Magazine, May 1997
"What's great about this book is that it covers everything from small spaces big enough for a single bike to professional repair and race shops. In all of these spaces, one concern remains constant: where to put things. Masi goes into the theory of how to organize such an environment and illustrates his examples with clear, easy-to-read diagrams and photographs." American Iron Magazine, May 1997

How-to-do-it guide to eliminating machine vibrations

2007-07-25T22:44:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

How-to-do-it guide to eliminating machine vibrations

One of the most common causes of severe machinery vibration is the misalignment of drive shafts and other components. Machinery Vibration: Alignment, by Victor Wowk, gives you a practical resource for aligning shafts, bearings, gears, pulleys and a wide variety of power transmission components in machines without further training. You get step-by-step procedures for balancing, resonance, structural vibrations, isolation, instruments, diagnostics, and trending. Many of the methods described require only simple tools, eliminating the need for a $20,000 laser alignment system.

Case studies covering everything from simple fans to high-speed turbines give you examples of real-world problem solving. You will find the extensive coverage of the FFT spectrum analyzer a valuable addition to this hands-on toolkit.

From the Back Cover
How to Correct One of the Most Pervasive Machine Problems - Misalignment. The misalignment of shafts and other components is one of the most common causes of vibration and failures. Here, at last, is a practical handbook that enables you to eliminate this costly problem. Written by a pioneering enigneer and author in the field, this easy-to-follow, step-by-step resource shows you how to: Diagnose Misalignment - using vibration instruments, noise, dial indicators, hand feel, and visual observations. Perform Precision Alignments - using dial indicators, lasers, optical, and electronic measuring instruments. Graphical plotting techniques are illustated with examples of the reverse-indicator method, face-and-rim, and many variations. Move Machines - from small ones to the largest ones with orchestrated positioning techniques. Judge Acceptability - with alignment tolerances based on speed and stresses at the joints. Deal with Complicating Factors - such as faulty foundations, bent shafts, soft foot, bar sag, piping strain, and thermal growth. Align Specific Machines - from normal tw-machine one-coupling horizontal systems, to long drive shafts, large and heavy machines, multiple machne trains, vertical shafts, single-bearing generators, and reciprocating machines. This authoritative guide also covers bearing alignments, gear alignment, and pulley alignements. It also includes specific chapters on couplings, optical tooling, and laser systems. Plus a valuable appendix contains generic alignment specifications and drawings to make an alignment fixture.

The CNC Workshop Version 2.0

2007-07-22T16:54:00.000-07:00

The CNC Workshop Version 2.0 ,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

The CNC Workshop, the only CNC-related book with simulation software, is a flexible, unique package where the programming code that is learned and generated by the reader can either be sent to an actual machine or to the simulation software. It is an excellent simulation and animation tool for milling and turning, which can be used to test existing programs or write and edit new ones. This book covers the basics of Computer Numerical Control programming, including step-by-step coverage of machining processes, fundamentals of CNC and basic CNC programming concepts. It can be used as a stand-alone book or can be used as a supplement. The book and software package is an excellent instruction tool for CNC programming. Chapter topics include Introduction to CNC; CNC Fundamentals and Vocabulary; Programming Concepts; Interactive Simulation Software; CNC Milling; Turning; Introduction to CAD/CAM; Workbook Exercises. For readers interested in Numerical Control Programming, Automated Manufacturing, and Controls/Systems Process.

Mr. Machinery Operator The Cnc Workshop

2007-07-22T16:47:00.000-07:00

Mr. Machinery Operator The Cnc Workshop,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
The CNC Workshop is the only Computer Numerical Control (CNC) text and multimedia package currently available. This flexible, unique package provides many benefits that can't be found in stand-alone texts. Using the multimedia CD-ROM, students can visualize CNC concepts through vivid animations, virtually visit machine shops through videoclips of processes and machine tools, and view numerous examples. The CD also features CNCez, simulation software that actually allows students to program numerical control code and then see a simulation of the tool path or process that the code would generate. The code can also be sent to an actual machine. This package is an excellent simulation and animation tool for milling and turning and can be used to test existing programs or write and edit new programs.

This package covers the basics of CNC programming, including step-by-step coverage of machining processes, fundamentals of CNC, and basic CNC programming concepts. It can be used as a stand-alone package in a hands-on CNC course or can be used as a supplement in a comprehensive manufacturing process or numerical controls course. The book and CD package is an excellent instruction tool for CNC programming and many of the animations and videoclips can be used for classroom presentation.

Theory of Machines and Mechanisms

2007-07-22T16:43:00.000-07:00

Theory of Machines and Mechanisms,Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Book Description
Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Third Edition, is a comprehensive study of rigid-body mechanical systems and provides background for continued study in stress, strength, fatigue, life, modes of failure, lubrication and other advanced aspects of the design of mechanical systems. This third edition provides the background, notation, and nomenclature essential for students to understand the various and independent technical approaches that exist in the field of mechanisms, kinematics, and dynamics of machines. The authors employ all methods of analysis and development, with balanced use of graphical and analytic methods. New material includes an introduction of kinematic coefficients, which clearly separates kinematic (geometric) effects from speed or dynamic dependence. At the suggestion of users, the authors have included no written computer programs, allowing professors and students to write their own and ensuring that the book does not become obsolete as computers and programming languages change. Part I introduces theory, nomenclature, notation, and methods of analysis. It describes all aspects of a mechanism (its nature, function, classification, and limitations) and covers kinematic analyses (position, velocity, and acceleration). Part II shows the engineering applications involved in the selection, specification, design, and sizing of mechanisms that accomplish specific motion objectives. It includes chapters on cam systems, gears, gear trains, synthesis of linkages, spatial mechanisms, and robotics. Part III presents the dynamics of machines and the consequences of the proposed mechanism design specifications. New dynamic devices whose functions cannot be explained or understood without dynamic analysis are included. This third edition incorporates entirely new chapters on the analysis and design of flywheels, governors, and gyroscopes.

Concrete saw

2007-07-21T01:02:00.001-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A concrete saw (often known as a consaw or road saw) is a power tool used for cutting concrete, masonary, brick, asphalt and other solid materials. Concrete saws are powered by petrol, hydraulic, pnuematic or electrical motors. The significant friction generated in cutting hard substances like concrete means that the blades need to be cooled to prolong their life and reduce dust. Blades are either abrasive or diamond tipped.

Power tool

2007-07-21T01:01:00.001-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,
Power tool

A power tool is a tool powered by an electric motor, a compressed air motor, or a gasoline engine. Power tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where portable means hand held. They are used in industry, construction and around the house for cutting, shaping, drilling, sanding, painting, grinding, and polishing. Power tools for metal working are usually called “Machine Tools”, although in some cases such as the drill press and the bench grinder, the exact same tool is used for both wood and metal working.

The lathe is the oldest power tool, being known to the ancient Egyptians, abet in a hand powered form. Early industrial revolution factories had batteries of power tools driven by belts from overhead shafts. The prime power source was a water wheel or later a steam engine. The introduction of the electric motor in the 1880’s made the self powered stationary and portable tools we know today possible.

Stationary power tools are prized not only for their speed, but for their accuracy. A table saw not only cuts faster than a hand saw, but the cuts are smoother, straighter and more square than even the most skilled man can do with a hand saw. Lathes produce truly round objects that cannot be made in any other way.

An electric motor is the universal choice to power stationary tools. Portable electric tools may be either corded or battery powered. At present (2007) the limitations of battery life, energy capacity, and cost keep the corded versions on the market. Air is the customary power source for nailers and paint sprayers. A few tools are powered by explosive cartridges. Gasoline powered tools such as chain saws and weed whackers are made for use out of doors.

Common power tools include the drill, various types of saws, the router, the electric sander, and the lathe.

The term power tool is also used in a more general sense, meaning a technique for greatly simplifying a complex or difficult task.

Portable sawmill

2007-07-21T00:59:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,
Portable sawmill

Portable sawmills became popular in the United States starting in the 1970s, when the 1973 energy crisis and the back to the land movement had led to renewed interest in small woodlots and in self-sufficiency.

Prior to the advent of the portable 'mill, small-scale sawmills were generally cobbled-together affairs constructed and operated by (almost always) two men with a penchant for tinkering. This was, and remains, a traditional occupation for Amish men; unlike most mechanical systems, small sawmills typically do not use electricity.

The portable 'mills represented the first effort at careful engineering and design. Unlike traditional mills, they used a resaw blade of the type used on a band saw rather than a circular blade, which reduced weight and cost, and reduced the size and weight of the bearings and support blocks. It also allowed for a different design where the head, consisting of the blade and a power source, moves back and forth while the log being cut remains stationary. This is in contrast to traditional mills where the log moves on a trolley while the blade remains fixed.

Portable mills can be trailered and set up on site, next to the trees being cut. There is a good degree of shimming and alignment to get the rails set up straight, and this takes time. Some business transport their mill to harvest urban timber where moving the logs would be impractical.

Larger mills have recently come on the market which are portable only in sections. These are faster and can handle larger logs.

Portable sawmill

2007-07-21T00:58:00.000-07:00

Combination machine

2007-07-21T00:51:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

A combination machine is a woodworking machine that combines the functions of two or more separate machines into a single unit. For example, a combination machine might consist of a tablesaw with a side mounted jointer. Another common example of this type of machine is the jointer-thicknesser (also known as an over-under) which combines the function of a jointer with that of a thicknesser.
Design
Some combination machines run all of their functions from a single motor; others may use more than one. Cutter heads are often shared: for example a jointer-thicknesser may use the same cutter head for both functions. The machines rely upon well thought-out designs which allow the user to switch from one function to another easily.
Advantages
One rationale for the production of these machines is space saving. A combination machine takes up much less space than the equivalent separate machines. This makes them popular with hobbyist woodworkers. There may also be a cost saving over purchasing separate machines, although some top end combination machines can be quite expensive.
Disadvantages

There are a number of disadvantages of combination machines. Set up time is increased when moving from one function to another and back. In many cases, machine settings are lost during the change over and have to be re-established when changing back. In some lower end machines, there may be compromises in design which limit the function or robustness of the machine. Finally, they represent a single point of failure in that a mechanical problem with the machine will generally mean that none of the machine's functions are available.

These disadvantages are offset by the small size of the machine footprint and potential cost saving and so they are very popular with hobbyists and workshops in which space is limited.
The Shopsmith
The Shopsmith is a lathe-based multi-tool that uses a single motor to perform lathe, tablesaw, and drill press functions. Variations include horizontal boring and disc sander. Originally made by the Magna Corporation in the 1950's and 60's, the ShopSmith Mark V was resurrected in the ShopSmith Corporation in 1972 by John Folkerth, current Chairman of the company.

ShopSmith also manufactures and markets a variety of add-on tools that can be run by the base unit motor. Some of these tools include a band saw, shaper, jointer and planer.

The ShopSmith MARK V is in some ways unique due to its method of speed control. Rather than a system of pulleys or an electronic speed control, the Mk V uses two variable diameter pulleys, controlled by a dial and worm gear. Not only does this give theoretically infinite speeds between the maximum and minimum speeds, it is also serviceable by a hobbyist.
European Combination Machine
Several companies in Austria, Italy, France and Belgium manufacture what is commonly known as a European combination machine, which typically contains a sliding-table saw with a scoring blade, a shaper, a thicknesser, a jointer, and a mortiser. These machines generally have 3 motors, one for the table saw, one for the shaper, and one shared by the thickness planer/jointer and mortiser.

European combination machines are geared for the serious hobbyist or professional woodworker or cabinet maker. They are constructed of cast iron and heavy gauge steel, weigh from 1000 to 2000 lbs., and range in price from around $5,000 to over $30,000 U.S. dollars.

Manufacturers include Knapp, Felder, Robland, Mini-Max, Hammer, Kity, Rojek and others. Hammer, Rojek and Robland manufacture entry level models, MiniMax mid-range models, Felder and Knapp high-end models. Hammer is a brand of Felder. Robland purchased Knapp from the Metabo group in 2000.

The European combination machine allows efficient processing of both rough-cut timber and sheet stock (i.e. plywood). The sliding table can work in conjunction with either the table saw or the shaper. Outfitted with an 8-foot sliding table and outrigger, a single person can cut 4'x8' plywood very accurately and efficiently. Changing between most functions takes only a few seconds.

The sliding table allows a straight edge to be cut on rough lumber, without the use of a fence. It also allows a cut to be made accurately at any angle across a sheet of plywood in just seconds - something that cannot be done nearly as easily, if at all, on a table saw. Used in conjunction with the shaper, the sliding table allows molding, door panels, rails and stiles, to be milled quickly and more accurately than a stand-alone shaper.

Sawfiler Tools Saws

2007-07-21T00:47:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws toolsMachine Tools, New Machine Tools,Distributor of machine shop tools and equipment, lathes, mills, drill,machining center, CNC lathe, milling machine, grinding machine, drilling ,achine, cnc machining center,

Band saw filing
Band saws in timber mills range in size from about (4" x 22ga x 10') to (16" x 11ga x 62'). They are run for 4 to 24 hours then sent to the sawfiler for maintenance.
The sawfiler inspects the saw for needed repairs then gumms, fits and benches the saw as necessary.
Gumming involves grinding the gullets of the saw teeth to a particular shape. The sawfiler uses a semi-automatic grinding machine for this. Band saws operate under high stress and heat and in the presence of wood chips. Carbon migrates into the steel from the wood. Gumming prevents case hardening and fatigue cracking of the band saw gullets. Resaw Band saws (teeth on one side only) may be left or right handed, depending on which way the teeth are pointing and which way the plank falls from the log when cutting. Double cut saws (teeth on both sides) are always gummed right hand teeth first.
A precise tooth profile of the gullet must be maintained for proper saw operation and wood chip removal. Ease of cutting greatly depends on this. The shape is determined by the type of wood and cutting conditions. A sawfiler will maintain the gullet shape by manually shaping the grinding wheel with an abrasive brick, and the set-up of his grinding machine. Variations include face angle, face length, back angle, gullet width and depth, and a frost notch (if necessary). Typical band saw tooth dimensions are 1-3/4" tooth space x 3/4" gullet depth x 3/4" gullet width (grinding wheel width) x 30deg face angle x 16deg back angle.
Fitting means tooth dressing and involves; swaging, shaping, gauging, and grinding. The tip of the saw tooth is swaged to a flair, then the sides are compressed in slightly with a shaper tool to an exact kerf. Then a final grinding pass is made. The usual gauged tolerance is +/- .005" in kerf, and < .003" side to side variation. The same grinding machinery used for gumming is used for fitting.
The saw kerf is usually made this way from the base saw metal. Sometimes, however, the kerf is made with stellite or carbide tips, in which case swaging and shaping isn't needed, although gumming is still required. The kerf may also be 'set' with a punch and hammer, with the teeth bent left, right, left... Set teeth are rarely used.
Benching is the leveling and tensioning of the saw. When a band saw is run on a mill is it stretched with thousands of pounds of force, and during operation the cutting edge heats up. These forces and temperatures cause the saw to deform. Benching deforms an un-mounted saw in a way that counteracts the operating stresses, and allows the saw to pull flat and cut straight when in use. It takes months to learn benching.
Benching is done in a dark room with a stretcher-roller machine and flat anvil (see picture above). A single light at the benchman’s work station, along with ground gauges, allows the sawfiler to measure level and tension.
Leveling is done with a crossface hammer and stretcher-roller adjustments. Cross face hammers are available in left and right hand versions. Each filer has his own hammer which he carefully dresses.
Tensioning is done with the stretcher-roller. This machine has hardened rollers above and below the saw. They rotate slowly and pinch the saw when a lever is cranked, rolling a thin strip through the length of the saw, stretching the metal where it was rolled. Careful placement and force of the rolls deform the metal in a way that counteracts the forces the saw sees during operation. More rolls are placed in the mid-section of the saw. Resaws have the back pulled to counteract the uneven heating of the cutting edge. This is done by rolling the back (non cutting edge) of the saw. The back is measured with a three pin gauge, and is usually around .003" per three feet curved.
Benching involves the simultaneous solution of multiple deformations introduced to the saw to counteract the predicted stresses of the saw in operation. Benchman can easily recognize variations in steel batches.
Other band saw duties include welding broken teeth, fixing cracks, and trouble shooting operating problems.
CNC equipment is starting to evolve to the point of being able to do some benching and fitting tasks.

Metal Cutting Band Saws

2007-07-21T00:42:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws tools

Metal Cutting Band Saws

When cutting metals, special band saws are required that include coolant pumps which provide a constant flow of liquid coolant over the blade. The coolant keeps blades cool, adding blade life. They also include a powered wire brushwheel to remove chips and buildup from the blade as it exits the material. Metal cutting band saws are available in vertical and horizontal designs. These units range from manual to semi-automatic and even automatic controls.

Machine shop bandsaws are horizontal, vertically cutting saws. Small, manual shop saws usually employ a gravity-fed blade that falls in an arc around a pivot point. The rate of descent is controlled by a shock absorber that has an adjustable rate. When a manual saw is set up for another cut, the operator raises the saw by hand and leaves it in a 45 degree position. The material is unclamped, moved up to hit the part stop (which is then moved out of the way), material reclamped, and the operator hits the rapid advance switch to lower the saw just before the cut begins. The saw's piston is then set to cut advance, and another cut is made.

Additional common equipment on machine shop saws include

* A part stop for repeatable billet production, allowing long rods or bars to be cut into the correct billet size
* A long roller bed to assist long and heavy stock feeding
* Vices along the roller bed to ensure setup rigidity
* Miter base that allows angled cuts
* Saw braces that are adjusted to present just enough exposed saw to cut through the work. This increases rigidity and life of the blade

Motorized Miter Saw

2007-07-21T00:41:00.000-07:00

Band saw ,Woodworking machines , Metalworking , Saws, Miter saw,Manual Miter Saw,cutting tools ,saws, carbide saws tools

Today, a miter saw (also called a chop saw or drop saw) usually refers to a power tool used to make a quick, accurate crosscut in a workpiece. It is most frequently used to cut wood, although some plastics and light metals can also be cut with the tool. Common uses include framing operations and the cutting of moulding. Most miter saws are relatively small and portable, with common blade sizes ranging from eight to 12 inches.

The miter saw makes cuts by pulling a spinning circular saw blade down onto a workpiece in a short, controlled motion. The workpiece is typically held against a fence, which provides a precise cutting angle between the blade and the longest workpiece edge. In standard position, this angle is fixed at 90°.

A primary distinguishing feature of the miter saw is the miter index. The miter index allows the angle of the blade to be changed relative to the fence. While most miter saws enable precise one-degree incremental changes to the miter index, many also provide "stops" that allow the miter index to be quickly set to common angles (such as 15°, 30°, or 45°).

Water jet cutter

2007-07-21T00:35:00.000-07:00

A water jet cutter is a tool capable of slicing into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance. The process is essentially the same as water erosion found in nature but accelerated and concentrated by orders of magnitude. It is often used during fabrication or manufacture of parts for machinery and other devices. It has found applications in a diverse number of industries from mining to aerospace where it is used for operations such as cutting, shaping, carving, and reaming.
Operation

A water jet cutter creating a specialist toolThe cutter is commonly connected to a high-pressure water pump (a local water main does not supply sufficient pressure) where the water is then ejected out of the nozzle, cutting through the material by bombarding it with the stream of high-speed water. Additives in the form of suspended grit or other abrasives, such as garnet and aluminum oxide, can assist in this process. Because the nature of the cutting stream can be easily modified, water jets can be used to cut materials as diverse as fish sticks and titanium. There are few materials that can't be effectively cut with a water jet cutter; one of these is tempered glass, which shatters when cut, regardless of the cutting technology used. Certain ceramics are also resistant to water jet cutting. Water jet cuts are not typically limited by the thickness of the material, and are capable of cutting materials over twelve inches thick.

Wood drying

2007-07-20T21:09:00.000-07:00

Wood drying (not to be confused with "seasoning") may be described as the art of ensuring that gross dimensional changes through shrinkage are confined to the drying process. Ideally, wood is dried to that equilibrium moisture content as will later (in service) be attained by the wood. Thus, further dimensional change will be kept to a minimum.

It is probably impossible to completely eliminate movement in wood, but this may be approximated by chemical modification. This is the treatment of wood with chemicals to replace the hydroxyl groups with other hydrophobic functional groups of modifying agents (Stamm, 1964). Among all the existing processes, wood modification with acetic anhydride has considerable promise due to the high anti-shrink or anti-swell efficiency (ASE) attainable without damaging the wood properties. However, acetylation of wood has been slow to be commercialised due to the cost, corrosion and the entrapment of the acetic acid in wood. There is extensive literature relating to the chemical modification of wood (Rowell, 1983, 1991; Kumar, 1994; Haque, 1997).

Drying timber is one approach for adding value to sawn products from the primary wood processing industries. According to the Australian Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation (FWPRDC), green sawn hardwood, which is sold at about $350 per cubic metre or less, increases in value to $2,000 per cubic metre or more with drying and processing. However, currently-used conventional drying processes often result in significant quality problems from cracks, both externally and internally, reducing the value of the product. As an example, in Queensland alone (Anon, 1997), assuming that 10% of the dried softwood is devalued by $200 per cubic metre because of drying defects, sawmillers are losing about $5 million per year in that State alone. Australia wide this could be $40 million per year for softwood and an equal or higher amount for hardwood. Thus proper drying under controlled conditions (prior to use) is of great importance in timber utilisation in any country, where climatic conditions vary considerably at different times of the year.

Drying, if carried out promptly after the felling of trees, also protects timber against primary decay, fungal stain and attack by certain kinds of insects. Organisms, which cause decay and stain, generally cannot thrive in timber with a moisture content below 20%. Several, though not all, insect pests can live only in green timber. Dried wood is less susceptible to decay than green wood (above 20% moisture content).

Apart from the above important advantages of drying timber, the following points are also significant (Walker et al., 1993; Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996):

Dried timber is lighter, and hence the transportation and handling costs are reduced.
Dried timber is stronger than green timber in most strength properties.
Timbers for impregnation with preservatives have to be properly dried if proper penetration is to be accomplished, particularly in the case of oil-type preservatives.
In the field of chemical modification of wood and wood products, the material should be dried to a certain moisture content for the appropriate reactions to occur.
Dry wood works, machines, finishes and glues better than green timber. Paints and finishes last longer on dry timber.
The electrical and thermal insulation properties of wood are improved by drying.
Prompt drying of wood immediately after felling therefore results in significant upgrading of, and value adding to, the raw timber. Drying enables substantial long term economy in timber utilisation by rationalising the utilisation of timber resources. The drying of wood is thus an area for research and development, which concerns many researchers and timber companies around the world.

Wood-water relationships

2007-07-20T21:01:00.001-07:00

The timber of living trees and freshly felled logs contains a large amount of water, which often constitutes more weight than the actual wood. Water has a significant influence on wood: wood continually exchanges moisture (water) with its surroundings, although the rate of exchange is strongly affected by the degree wood is sealed.

Water in wood may be present in two forms:

Free water: The bulk of water contained in the cell lumina is only held by capillary forces: it is not bound chemically and is termed free water. Free water is not in the same thermodynamic state as liquid water: energy is required to overcome the capillary forces. Furthermore, free water may contain chemicals, altering the drying characteristics.
Bound or hygroscopic water: Bound water is bound to the wood via hydrogen bonds. The attraction of wood for water arises from the presence of free hydroxyl (OH) groups in the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin molecules in the cell wall. The hydroxyl groups are negatively charged electrically. Water is a polar liquid. The free hydroxyl groups in cellulose attract and hold water by hydrogen bonding.
Water in cell lumina may be in the form of water vapour, but the total amount is normally negligible, at normal temperatures and moisture contents

Wood structure

2007-07-20T21:00:00.002-07:00

Wood is composed of cells, and is an anisotropic material. Commercial timbers are broadly classified into two categories, namely softwoods and hardwoods.

Softwoods are relatively simple in structure: more than 90% of the volume is composed of tracheids (Walker et al., 1993), axially elongate cells of 2 to 5 mm in length. Density will commonly be in the range of 350 to 700 kg/m³, basic density at 12% moisture content (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996). Conversion and drying procedures for softwoods are better established than for hardwoods. A prime reason is that softwoods comprise the bulk of the wood used, and commercial plantings are mostly softwood. Research institutes in Europe and North America, also in New Zealand and Australia have devoted time to softwoods. The plantation area for softwoods is about 10,000 square kilometres in Australia according to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE, 2000) and about 17,000 square kilometres in New Zealand (source: New Zealand Forestry, 2002). Much of this is radiata pine (Pinus radiata)

The processing of hardwoods is more complex because of diversity. There are up to a hundred times as many species of hardwood trees as there are softwoods, and hardwood trees grow in a much wider range of ecological niches than softwoods. Density of commercial hardwoods commonly is in the range of 450 to 1250 kg/m3 basic density at 12% moisture content (Desch and Dinwoodie, 1996). Hardwood may have low lateral permeability, compared with softwoods. For example, the transverse permeability of green wood from Eucalyptus delegatensis is in the order of 4.6x10e-18 m2, whereas the permeability of green wood of Pinus radiata is 263 to 410x10e-18 m² (Langrish and Walker, 1993). Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) is a difficult to dry hardwood species (Bootle, 1994). Also the structure of hardwood shows a much greater range of variation than for softwood.

Wood drying

2007-07-20T21:00:00.001-07:00

Wood drying also known as seasoning lumber or timber seasoning in the UK refers to reducing the moisture content of wood prior to its use. The two most important issues are 1) the level of moisture desirable and 2) the means to achieve this.

With regard to the level of moisture, for some purposes wood is not dried at all, prior to its use. It is used as is, "green". For other purposes wood must be in equilibrium with the outside air, as in much construction wood. For use indoors, as in furniture, wood must be in equilibrium with the air indoors.

With regard to the means used in drying a distinction is made between air-dried wood (AD) and kiln-dried wood (KD). There are many different types of kilns, as time used for drying is an economic factor, and new types of kiln are constantly being developed to reduce drying time.

Usually wood is sawn prior to drying, but this is not always so. As drying in the log takes a long time, especially for big logs, sawing prior to drying is the rule. If wood is to be kiln dried it will always be sawn first.

2007-07-06T22:58:00.001-07:00

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GENERAL CUTTING TOOLS Cuting tools overviews

2007-07-05T18:17:00.000-07:00

The lathe cutting tool or tool bit must be made of the
correct material and ground to the correct angles to machine
a workpiece efficiently. The most common tool bit is the
general all-purpose bit made of high-speed steel. These tool
bits are generally inexpensive, easy to grind on a bench or
pedestal grinder, take lots of abuse and wear, and are strong
enough for all-around repair and fabrication. High-speed
steel tool bits can handle the high heat that is generated
during cutting and are not changed after cooling. These tool
bits are used for turning, facing, boring and other lathe
operations. Tool bits made from special materials such ascarbides, ceramics, diamonds, cast alloys are able to machine
workplaces at very high speeds but are brittle and expensivefor normal lathe work. High-speed steel tool bits are
available in many shapes and sizes to accommodate any lathe
operation.
SINGLE POINT TOOL BITS
Single point tool bits can be one end of a high-speed steel
tool bit or one edge of a carbide or ceramic cutting tool or
insert. Basically, a single point cutter bit is a tool that has
only one cutting action proceeding at a time. A machinist or
machine operator should know the various terms applied to
the single point tool bit to properly identify and grind
different tool bitsThe shank is the main body of the tool bit.
The nose is the part of the tool bit which is shaped to a
point and forms the corner between the side cutting edge
and the end cutting edge. The nose radius is the rounded
end of the tool bit.more inforemation

Horizontal Bandsawing Tools

2007-07-05T18:16:00.001-07:00

Horizontal Bandsawing Tools

Vertical Band Saw Operation
Straight-line sawing is performed on the vertical band saw
machine by using one or a combination of several
mechanisms or attachments: the miter guide attachment, with
or without power feed, with or without the work-holding jaw
device-. and the work-holding jaw device with power feed and
angular blade guide attachmentThe miter guide attachment on some machines can be
connected to the power feed mechanism and on others
must be fed by hand. The workpiece is clamped or handheld
against the miter guide attachment and the workpiece
and attachment are moved on a track parallel to the blade,
thereby assuring a straight-line cut.
The work-holding jaw device on some machines can be
connected to the power feed to produce straight-line cutsThe angular blade guide attachment is used for straightline
sawing when the workpiece cannot be cut in the usual
manner because it is too large or too long to clear the
column of the bar, sawing machine frame.

CONTOUR SAWING

Contour sawing is the process of cutting shapes in which
the direction of the cut must be changed at intervals. Holes
larger in diameter than the width of the saw blade must be
drilled at each corner where a change of direction of the
bandsaw blade will occur. illustrates the
methods of changing direction of a cut at a hole.

Sawing Away From the Hole
To saw away from the hole on a line tangent to the hole,
the saw blade must cut away from the center of the hole, or
the blade will bow and cause a belly in the cut. The cut
should be started as in A, in which a curve is
cut outward from the hole to meet the layout line, leaving
apiece of excess metal which can be removed later by
filing. An alternate method is shown at B, in
which a section of metal is notched out with a saw blade by
several short cuts to give the blade clearance for starting the
cut along the layout line.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS ON SAWING MACHINES
Band Filing Feeds
Work pressure on the band file should not be excessive. A
medium amount of pressure applied against the band file
moving at the proper speed will produce curled chips which
will not clog the file. Heavy pressure will cause clogging
and can cause the file to break or the machine to stall. A
light pressures should be used for finish filing, with a slow,
sideways motion that will not leave vertical file marks on the
workpiece.

Cutting Fluids Benefits Cautions

2007-07-05T17:13:00.000-07:00

Benefits of Using Cutting Fluids

portant during horizontal boring
Lubrication of tools to improve the flow of chips at the cuttingface
Cooling of the tool & work piece for improved dimensional stability Reduction in built-up edge Improvement in surface finish Helps flush away chips very im

Cautions Cutting tools

tting tool can be intensified when
hermal shock associated with coolant
Unsteady flow of coolant could cause cracking of carbide tools
Carbide inserts cannot stand the t
Damaging thermal variation in the cu
being turned on and off.
utilizing cutting fluid during an interrupted cutting process

Cutting LubricantsOverview
Use of cutting oil will prolong tool life If oil is used, insure proper ventilation Use extreme care when applying oil…squirt can is recommended Cutting oil is messy…use oil sparingly based on application Apply with squirt can while machine is running Use brush to apply prior to machine start up

Tool Bit SharpeningSharpening Techniques
Match existing angle to wheel relationship Cool often (water bucket) Check with protractor Use stone to take off ragged edges

Meat Cutter

2007-07-02T21:57:00.000-07:00

Milling cutters - Interchangeability dimensions for cutter arbors or cutter mandrels Milling cutter arbors.Retail Meat Cutters traditionally work indoors, in large, refrigerated rooms, with temperatures ranging between 2 and -4 degrees Celsius. These environments are kept sanitary, and are washed every day with powerful antibacterial cleaners. In larger retail outlets or plant-facilities, working environments are generally equipped with power tools such as band saws and circular slicers. Meat Cutters are also generally required to be in good physical shape; the duties of a Meat Cutter include standing for long periods of time, regularly lifting over 25 lbs, and working in cold conditions. Retail Meat Cutters also often have to deal with customers.

Autonomous robot

2007-07-02T21:45:00.002-07:00

Autonomous robots are robots which can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. Many kinds of robots have some degree of autonomy. Different robots can be autonomous in different ways. A high degree of autonomy is particularly desirable in fields such as space exploration, where communication delays and interruptions are unavoidable. Other more mundane uses benefit from having some level of autonomy, like cleaning floors, mowing lawns, and waste water treatment.

Some modern factory robots are "autonomous" within the strict confines of their direct environment. Maybe not every degree of freedom exists in their surrounding environment but the work place of the factory robot is challenging and can often be unpredictable or even chaotic. The exact orientation and position of the next object of work and (in the more advanced factories) even the type of object and the required task must be determined. This can vary unpredictably (at least from the robot's point of view).

One important area of robotics research is to enable the robot to cope with its environment whether this be on land, underwater, in the air, underground, or in space.

A fully autonomous robot has the ability to

* Gain information about the environment.
* Work for an extended period without human intervention.
* Move either all or part of itself throughout its operating environment without human assistance.
* Avoid situations that are harmful to people, property, or itself.

An autonomous robot may also learn or gain new capabilities like adjusting strategies for accomplishing its task(s) or adapting to changing surroundings.

Autonomous robots still require regular maintenance, as do other machines.

Tungsten carbide

2007-06-30T04:41:00.001-07:00

Monotungsten carbide, WC, or Ditungsten Carbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing tungsten and carbon, similar to titanium carbide. Its extreme hardness makes it useful in the manufacture of cutting tools, abrasives and bearings, as a cheaper and more heat-resistant alternative to diamond. Tungsten carbide is also used as a scratch-resistant material for jewelry including watch bands and wedding rings.

Materials used for saws

2007-06-30T04:39:00.001-07:00

There are several materials used in saws, with each of its own specifications.

Brass
Mostly used in back saws because of its low price, its flow characteristics that make the material relatively easy to cast, and unlike other types of saw, the forces that take place in back saws are relatively low because of the pulling motion used.
Steel
Used in almost every existing kind of saw. Because steel is cheap, easy to shape, and very strong, it has the right properties for most kind of saws.
Diamond
Used only in saws for the really heavy cutting. It is very expensive and comes in two shapes: ropes and circular saws. Mostly used for cutting concrete and other materials with rock-like structures or in softer materials, such as wood, where the precision and high volume of work justifies the expense of diamond-edged cutting

Types of saw blades and the cuts they make

2007-06-30T04:38:00.001-07:00

Blade teeth are of two general types: Tool steel or carbide. Carbide is harder and holds a sharp edge much longer.

Crosscut
In woodworking, a cut made at (or near) a right angle to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. A crosscut saw is used to make this type of cut.
Rip cut
In woodworking, a cut made parallel to the direction of the grain of the workpiece. A rip saw is used to make this type of cut.
Plytooth
A circular saw blade with many small teeth designed for cutting plywood with minimal splintering.
Dado blade
A special type of circular saw blade used for making wide grooved cuts in wood so the edge of another piece of wood will fit into the groove to make a joint. Dado blades can make different width grooves by addition or removal of chipper blades of various widths between the outer dado blades. This first type is called a stacked dado blade. There is another type of dado blade capable of cutting variable width grooves. An adjustable dado utilizes a moveable locking cam mechanism which causes the blade to wobble sideways more or less. This allows continuously variable groove width from the lower to upper design limits of the dado.

Circular saw, machine-driven

2007-06-30T04:36:00.001-07:00

* Circular saw, machine-driven for industrial sawing of log and beams, typically found in sawmills - also name given to smaller hand-held saws
* Table saw, circular blade rises through a slot in a table. It is the most common piece of stationary woodworking equipment. The smaller direct-drive versions that can be set on a workbench are called workbench saws. Smaller belt-driven ones generally set on steel legs are often called Contractor's Saws. The heavier, more precise and more powerful, often driven by multiple belts, with an enclosed base stand as an integral part of the saw are called Cabinet saws. A relatively new version, called a hybrid saw, has the lighter weight mechanism of a Contractor saw but with an enclosed base like the Cabinet saw.
* Radial arm saw, versatile machine used mainly for cross-cutting where the blade is pulled on a guide arm through a piece of wood held stationary on the saw's table
* Rotary saw, for making accurate cuts without the need for a pilot hole in wallboard, plywood, and other thin materials, also called a spiral cut saw or a "RotoZip". The latter is a trademark owned by Bosch Tool Corp. who pioneered this type of saw - design is similar to a small wood router, bits are similar to a twist drill, some cut on the upward twist, some cut downwards
* Electric miter saw, (also called chop saw, cut-off saw or power miter box) – for making accurate cross cuts and miter cuts. The basic model has its circular blade fixed at a 90° angle to the vertical, a compound miter saw's blade can be adjusted to other angles. A sliding compound miter saw has a blade which can be pulled through the work similar to the action of a radial arm saw, which gives a greater capacity for cutting wider workpieces.
* Concrete saw, usually powered by an internal combustion engine and used with a Diamond Blade to cut concrete or asphalt pavement.
* Abrasive saw; uses an abrasive disc for cutting rather than a toothed blade. Used for very hard materials.

Mechanically powered savs Back savs

2007-06-30T04:32:00.002-07:00

Mechanically powered saws

Mechanically powered saws mechanically move the teeth past the wood while the saw itself is held stationary. This is accomplished in one of three ways: the teeth are along the perimeter of a flat, circular blade; the blade reciprocates up and down rapidly; or the teeth are along one edge of a continuous band. They are more specifically differentiated as follows:
Back saws

The second category of hand saws keep a thinner blade stiff by reinforcing it with a steel or brass back. Back saws are differentiated by length of blade. While this list is not definitive, they are generally named, from longest to shortest: Mitre Saw, Carcase Saw, Tenon saw, and Dovetail saw. These saws also have a handle that is vertical in relation to the blade. A saw with a straight handle that extends from the top back of the blade is referred to as a Gent's saw. Finally, some Dozuki saws, which are an Eastern-style (cut on the pull stroke)saw have backs and are classified as back-saws.

* One type of hand powered Miter saw (makes precisely angled cross cuts) uses a backsaw.

Types of saws Hand saws

2007-06-30T04:30:00.002-07:00

There are a number of different categories of saw, all with the same purpose of accurately making larger pieces of material into smaller pieces of material. The first and largest division is between hand-powered saws and mechanically powered saws.

Note that the names used for different types of saw are by no means universal. Names have changed over time and even today the same name may be used for different kinds of saws in different parts of the world or by different manufacturers. Also, the same saw may be referred to by different names.
Hand saws

Hand-powered saws fall into three divisions, which are defined by the way they hold the blade stiff (a requirement to get an even, clean cut).

A Hand saw uses either simply a blade thick enough to be stiff, or cuts on the pull stoke which reduces the stiffness requirement. This division includes the following specific types of saws:

* Crosscut saw, for making cuts perpendicular to the grain
* Rip saw, for cutting along the grain
* Hand saw, saws operated by hand as opposed to power saws
* Floorboard saw, with curved blade
* Japanese saw, hand saws that cut on the pull stroke with straight handles
* Keyhole saw or padsaw or compass saw, with narrow pointed blade
* Two-man saw, for cutting large logs or trees
* Plywood saw, fine-toothed blade to reduce tearing of plywood
* Veneer saw, two edged saw with fine teeth used to cut veneer

Although their use is dwindling the jigsaw and sabre saw (unpowered tools) may also refer to blade style saws.

A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material,

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A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material, consisting of a serrated blade (a blade with the cutting edge dentated or toothed) and worked either by hand or by steam, water, electric or other power. The teeth of the saw are each bent to specific angle and this angle is called "set". The set of a tooth is dependent on the kind of cut the saw will be making. For example a "rip saw" has a tooth set that is similar to the angle used on a chisel. The idea is to have the teeth rip or tear the material apart.

Some saws, such as the abrasive saw, use an abrasive disc or band for cutting, rather than a serrated blade.

The saw can also be used, more uncommonly, for playing music.

According to Chinese tradition, the saw was invented by Lu Ban. In Greek mythology, Perdix, the nephew of Daedalos, invented the saw. In reality, metal saws likely evolved from Neolithic stone tools.
* Heel: The end closest to the handle.
* Toe: The end farthest from the handle.
* Front: The side with the teeth (the "bottom edge").
* Back: Opposite the front ("top edge").
* Teeth: Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw.
* Gullet: Valley between the points of the teeth
* Fleam: The angle of the faces of the teeth relative to a line perpendicular to the face of the saw.
* Rake: The angle of the front face of the tooth relative to a line perpendicular to the length of the saw. Teeth designed to cut with the grain (ripping) are generally steeper than teeth designed to cut across the grain (crosscutting)
* Points per inch (25 mm): The most common measurement of the frequency of teeth on a saw blade. This is measured by setting the tip, or point, of one tooth at the zero point on a ruler, and then counting how many points are contained within one inch (25 mm) of length, counting inclusively. There will always be one more point per inch than there are teeth per inch (e.g., a saw with 14 points per inch will have 13 teeth per inch, a saw with 10 points per inch will have 9 teeth per inch). Some saws do not have the same number of teeth per inch throughout their entire length, but the vast majority do.
* Teeth Per inch : Another common measurement of the amount of teeth residing in any one inch length of a saw blade. Usually abbreviated as TPI, eg a blade consisting of 18TPI (Teeth Per Inch).
* Kerf: Width of the saw cut. On most saws the kerf is wider than the saw blade because the teeth are flared out sideways (set). This allows the blade to move through the cut easily without getting stuck (binding). However, some saws are made so that the teeth have no set on one side. This is done so that the saw can lie flat on a surface and cut along the surface without scratching it. These are referred to as flush cutting saws.

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